Thursday, November 28, 2019

Sons and Lovers as an Autobiographical Novel Essay Example Essay Example

Sons and Lovers as an Autobiographical Novel Essay Example Paper Sons and Lovers as an Autobiographical Novel Essay Introduction Novel gained immense popularity during the 20th century. In the history of English novel D. H. Lawrence’s =://essaysafe.com/essay-sons-and-lovers-as-an-autobiographical-novel/ class=ilgen data-wpel-link=external rel=nofollow>Sons and Lovers is a typical 20th century novel. The 20th century novels bear the characteristics of realism, romanticism, modernism, impressionism, expressionism etc. It was a time of complex human psychology. A contiguous overflow of a thought, which is happening in human psychology become the theme of the novel of the time. After the havoc and destruction of the First and the Second World Wars a great change in human psychology took place. Prominent psychological writers like- Sigmund Freud, Jung and Lucka came forward with their stimulating psychoanalytical theory. Freud’s theory of Oedipus complex and Lacka’s theory of child’s life or self-development greatly influenced the Novelists of The 20th century. Son’s and lovers by D. H. Lawrence is also a psychological novel where Lawrence as a psychoanalyst brings into focus the subtle and intricate happening in the minds of his characters, like Gertrude Morel , Paul Morel , Miriam and others. Sons and Lovers deal with the psychology of the characters. Lawrence examines human life minutely and represents the complexity of human mind in his novel, Sons and Lovers. He brings out the deepest and subtle psychological aspect of his characters specially of Gertrud Morel and Paul Morel. According to the psychologists’ theory, there are three levels of human thought: conscious, subconscious and unconscious. Most of the thoughts lie dominant in subconscious and unconscious level. Sometimes it comes out into surface. Oedipus complex is one of such instinct. Sons and Lovers as an Autobiographical Novel Essay Body Paragraphs A psychological novelist like Lawrence externalizes the hidden and inner recondite thoughts of subconscious and unconscious mind. The theme of Oedipus complex is a dominant theme of Lawrence’s Sons and Lovers. Gertrude morel is a lady of delicate and refined taste and she married a miner named Walter Morel. Though it was a love marriage, within a few months of their marriage she discovered him as a stranger, a gambler, drunkard and an agitated person. Besides the poverty of Morels family disillusioned her. In spite of remaining as his wife, she lost all the interests for him. Morel’s rude and aggressive behavior with her and their children made her burdened with life with him. But nevertheless she remains with him because she had loving children as- Annie and William. All her love and affection was transferred to her children specially to her eldest son William who also loves his mother very much. When William came into maturity he managed to earn for family and it made her happy but gradually Mr. Morel becomes an outsider of the family. Because of the crude and vulgarity of his manner his children William and Annie also began to despise him. Mrs. Morel’s extreme love for her son William made the father jealous. In a state of conflict between husband and wife, both of them felt dreary and lonely. So all the love and affection of a disappointed soul like Gertrud Morel find place in her lovely children especially in the sons- first in William then in Paul. The sons gave hope and spirit in Mrs. Morel’s life. Her heart filled with love and affection first for William then for Paul, her second son. Lawrence in a letter to his friend Edward Garnett said about the relation between mother and son: â€Å"But as her sons grew up, she settles them as lovers. This is the kind of love Sigmund Freud mentions as Oedipus complex. According to the theory, if the marriage between the mother and father is not happy and loving, the parents become inter ested in love for the child of opposite sex. The child functions as the substitute of husband or wife. Lawrence as a psychologist brings out the innermost psychology of his characters, Mrs. Gertrud Morel and her son Paul Morel. Mrs. Morel prevented her sons making love with other woman except her. She prevented William from getting intimate with the gipsy girl Lily. After the death of William she was slowly transforming her possessive feelings to Paul. Lawrence showed them wandering along the street of Nottingham with joy and excitement just like two lovers. She is a victim of an unhappy marriage. Her failure in life with Morel paved the way of Oedipus complex in her life. She gets attracted to her sons’ manhood. Nothing except Paul is valuable in her life. Paul also knew her passion for him. He loved his mother from his very childhood and could not break her heart. So he remained passive with any relationship with other women like Miriam and Clara. Miriam loved him intensely . He also had love for her but an unknown hand prevented him from the fulfillment of their relationship. He thought that he is only for his mother. His mother also knows that her only means of life on earth is Paul. What is the horrible consequence of an unhappy marriage, she knows it well. That’s why she says William, â€Å"Nothing is as bad as marriage that is a hopeless failure. † The relation between Paul and Miriam is a kind of spiritual love, yet nothing but his Oedipus feeling prevented him from marrying her. Both Mrs. Morel and Miriam desired Paul’s love and affection and it eats up the self of Paul. Mrs. Morel knew that Miriam is not like an ordinary woman who can leave her the share she desires in Paul. So she felt awfully worried about Paul. She could not bear it. She could let another woman have Paul but not Miriam. The tormented soul of Mrs. Morel says: â€Å"she’d leave me no room, not a bit of room. † Then she piteously utters: †Å"And I’ve never- You know Paul- I’ve never had a husband- not really. † Paul helplessly comes forward to console his mother by asserting that he did not love Miriam. He strokes his mother’s hair and placed his mouth on her throat. Before parting for the night Mrs. Morel kissed him a long fervent kiss. Thus physical intimacy between mother and son become more explicit in the novel. Paul fells disturbed with Miriam as he thinks her foe between him and his mother. Nothing should disturb their relationship. Paul was aware of his helplessness. He frankly admits that he could only give Miriam his friendship- nothing more. Paul’s passion for his mother is also seen when in a railways carriage he noticed that his mother’s body looks frail, he thought that his mother is slipping away from him. Again in climbing the Cathedral hill, when she was out of breath and had to take rest Paul regrets that his mother is aging. He frankly says his mother:  "Why can’t a man have a young mother? What is she old for? † He regrets for not being her eldest son to find her younger. After Annie’s marriage, Paul realized his mother’s loneliness. So, he asserts to Mrs. Morel that he would never marry and leave her alone. Another woman Clara came in Paul’s life. She aroused the long repressed and over-refined sexual instinct of Paul who is a man of twenty-three. But yet sex remained complicated in him. Clara’s physical attraction also failed to bring Paul out of his psychological complexity. He thinks that only an over strong virginity in him and Miriam prevented them from physical contact. Paul realizes that the deepest of his love belongs to his mother. The clear sexual over tone of their relationship is seen during their excursion to Lincoln where Paul behaves almost like a lover when he tells his mother, â€Å"You forget I am a fellow taking his girl for an outing. † Mrs. Morel also accepts th is sexual aspect in a pleasant mood. Mrs. Morel disapproved not only Miriam but also Clara saying hat he had not yet met the right woman. Paul could understand his mother’s passion for him as well as his weakness for her. So he felt that he would not meet that right woman during her lifetime. Even Clara too realized that Paul cannot come out of himself, so she leaves him and returned to Baxter. Mrs. Morel’s pangs and miseries of life and Paul’s emotional crisis ended with the tragic death of Mrs. Morel. Being unable to carry the psychological torture any more, Paul fed her a heavy dose of morphia with her night milk and next morning at about twelve eternal rest and peace came to the agonized soul. Paul knelt down by her death-bed and put his face to hers and his arms round her and whispered mournfully, â€Å"My love, my love- oh, my love. ’ And after the death of his mother he often moved aimlessly from one place to another, drinking, knocking about with men he knew. The real agony was that he had nowhere to go, nothing to do, nothing to say and was nothing himself. According to Lucka’s theory there are three stages of self-development: imaginary stage, mirror stage and symbolic stage. In the imaginary stage a child often birth thinks its mother as self. It finds itself in it mother. In the mirror stage he starts to think it differently. In the symbolic stage a child gets the name of his father. In Sons and Lovers Paul first identifies himself with his mother. He then finds his own self and then is identified with his father. But as he found his father, Walter Morel, unattractive and complex he again seeks place in his mother. So he could not found his own self-identity and could not come out of his mother. Lawrence employed the stream of consciousness technique which means a continuous overflow of a thought what is happening in human psychology. It saves his plot from the bondage of time and chronology. As a modern writer, Lawrence writes from the subjective point of view in order to share his own personal experience with the readers. He tactfully delineates the psychology of the perturbed souls of Gertrude Morel and her son Paul Morel. How psychological complexity destroys a man or woman is seen in the character of Mrs. Morel. As a frustrated wife she failed to enjoy properly the life of a woman and goes through a great complexity and psychological breakdown. She took shelter in a loving male person to make good of an unhappy young lady. The man also loves her deeply as she expect yet she could not satisfy her mind completely because the loving male person is none but her own loving son to whom all sexual aspects are forbidden for her as his mother. Obsessed with the mix emotional and passionate feelings her mind is completely shattered down. Side by side as a victim of her passionate love her son Paul also lost himself in her and goes through the same psychological complexity. Thus the emotional and sensual crisis of human psychology dominates the plot of Lawrence novel Sons and Lovers. So it is a great psychological novel in the history of English literature. 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Sunday, November 24, 2019

Common Schooling in Canada essays

Common Schooling in Canada essays The proclaimed objective of school reformers that students would have access to common schools regardless of religion, social class, sex and skin color proved to be insincere. Access to common schooling did not imply equal access for all regardless of race, religion or any other factor that could be seen by some as a barrier to a common education. Social class was one of the lesser barriers to the access of the common school. The first schools never proposed to educate children as is done in schools today. The majority of the school population was to be informed and transformed as to fit the status quo. Governments attempted to establish a program through the state-run schools that would humanize, moralize and civilize the lower orders and the poorer people so that they would be equal to the middle-class society. Ryerson established an instrument for social control of the school population by centralizing and bureaucratizing school administration. Prentice argued that school was not designed primarily as a vehicle for upward mobility of the lower class people. School was designed to teach children how to read and write as well as to teach them work ethic and moral discipline. Children were instilled with these qualities as well as domestic routines such as meal times and holidays. Sex, or gender, was yet another barrier within the common school system. It did not prevent either sex from attending the common school, but it did affect what each sex learned while at school. Canadian public schooling has always been for both boys and girls. Compulsory education laws did not show prejudice on the basis of sex. The public education system was for everybody, regardless of whether they were boys or girls, rich or poor, native-born or immigrant, children who spoke different languages, rural or urban inhabitant, or those of all religions persuasions. The development of the public school system did not preven...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Work Based Module on IMPACT OF LOW STAFF RETENTION Essay

Work Based Module on IMPACT OF LOW STAFF RETENTION - Essay Example In a world getting increasingly competitive courtesy of the new complexities that arise day by day, organizations all over the world are increasingly looking into ways to retain their staff as much as possible within the organizations. Staff retention has therefore gained much prominence as a subject of study in current times. Many scholars are getting interested in the topic and this has seen so many volumes of staff retention materials being cheered out. It therefore begs a deeper analysis into this important subject while laying greater emphasis on the causes and the impact of staff retention on the performance of organizations. In spite of the fact that staff retention has been a hot area of study by contemporary organizational researchers, it cannot be argued that it is an entirely new field. Writings from several early organization thinkers have demonstrated that staff retention is a topic that attracted much attention even in those early times. For instance Herzberg’s t wo factor theory and his theory on motivation greatly illustrate the behavior of employees in the organization as regards their working conditions and motivation. The need to retain the employees within the organization rises out of many reasons. Hiring employees is a procedural process that is always very costly and involving. It therefore becomes quite a burden to the organization if the employee turnover is very high. Most organizations pay external consulting firms to recruit for them the best employees. Such costs, coupled with the costs of training the workers and other support services in the recruitment process are just too high. It therefore becomes a futile effort if the retention rate is low in the organization. Another consequence that arises out of a low staff retention rate is the loss of valuable knowledge from the organization. It must be remembered that knowledge on organizational management is a valuable asset that is only accrued through experience. As such, organ izations really experience deficiencies in such knowledge if the employee turnover rate is very high. Studies have indicated that 40 per cent of organizations in the UK are normally affected by a low staff retention rate. It therefore shows that this is an issue that requires so much attention and address. High employee turn over rate is also disastrous to the organization in the sense that it interrupts the various relationships that have been created between the customers and the employees. In companies all over the world, relationships will normally develop between the different stakeholders of organizations. It is on such mutual relationships that organizations stand. New faces coming in daily in the organizations normally disrupt the flow of operations as customers find themselves with different people to deal with. It is therefore crucial that employee turn over is reduced as much as possible. When employees leave the organizations for other opportunities, much workload is nor mally left for the remaining workers. When the work becomes too much, the workers are often demoralized to the extent that some of them may opt to leave the organization. It therefore shows that when workers leave the organizations, it creates a ripple effect that eventually impacts disastrously on the organization. It has also been demonstrated that potential employees use employee satisfaction as a parameter in determining whether to work for organizations or not. Therefore, an organization with a low employee retention rate is likely to attract few job seekers. Considering that human capital is very integral to the success of any organization, it becomes very hard for any company to stay competitively in the market without a pool of

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

Thomas Jefferson Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Thomas Jefferson - Term Paper Example It reads however that Thomas Jefferson authored â€Å"of the Declaration of American Independence, of the Statute of Virginia for religious freedom, and Father of the University of Virginia, and as he wished â€Å"not a word more† (The Declaration). Historians could want to add some more accomplishments as, for example, his distinction as a naturalist, linguist and as an architect yet in the main they would surely concur with Jefferson’s own assessment. The author of Declaration of American Independence was born in present day Albemarle County, Va., on 13 April, 1743. Although Jefferson himself treated lightly his ancestry his mother came from one of Virginian pioneer families; his father was a prosperous landowner yet not of the class the most wealthy planters. Between 1760 and 1762 Thomas Jefferson studied at the College of William and Mary. Seven years later he started building Monticello on the plot he had inherited from the father (Bennet, 23). Since 1774 when Jefferson wrote his firs political pamphlet, A Summary View of the Rights of British America his fame began to reach beyond his native state of Virginia. Debating on the basis of the theory of natural rights, Thomas Jefferson claimed that the colonies were not obliged to give allegiances to the king. He asserted that â€Å"the God who gave us life†¦ gave us liberty at the same time: the hand of force may destroy, yet can not disjoin them† (Peterson) After being elected to the Second Continental Congress held in Philadelphia, Thomas Jefferson was appointed on 11 June, 1776 to preside at the committee of five in preparing the Declaration of Independence. Jefferson was its primary author, though after consultation with John Adams and Benjamin Franklin the draft was amended substantively by the Congress. Based on the same theory of Natural rights that is contained in A Summary View, the Declaration of Independence brought Jefferson the

Monday, November 18, 2019

Nursing - Nursing Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Nursing - Nursing Leadership - Essay Example Quality service is tantamount to efficiency and satisfaction of patients. Patients have to be satisfied not just on their healing progress but specifically on how they are handled on the process. Nurses are the ones exposed to them in most of the time especially on administering their needs. This specific situation is clearly requiring someone else who has enough understanding about leadership process and functions. This essay discusses nursing leadership in general. Leadership in service Service is a crucial part of the role nurses have on their patients. Medical practitioners or staffs are expected to provide quality service as possible in order to address the current needs of the patients. Nurses today are expected to be the frontline leaders in the medical care because they are the immediate helpers who can provide the needs of patients anytime. As long as patients are provided with the best medical care, nurses are expected to essentially provide what they are expected to showca se in their service. Nurses have to be imparted with the vision of standard quality service. This makes them create certain things on their part in order to achieve the vision. This specific task requires essentially the concept of leadership because of the idea of imparting the vision through the quality of service that is to be required. On the other hand, competition is everywhere and patients are sophisticated that they want the best out of what they pay. This can only be met by providing them the best service as possible. Nurses, doctors and other related health practitioners are exposed to providing the kind of service that patients expect. Thus, they have to be well trained in every aspect about how to provide not just better, but quality and satisfying service. This definitely encompasses quality work environment, implementation of new models of care, and health and wellbeing of nursing workforce (Wong et al., 2010). Leadership in research Nursing requires research because n urses need to be updated with information on how to address the current need of the society. As technology improves day by day, the health and medical industry is expected to provide the best service as possible. This specifically calls for each medical practitioner or staff to be highly informed with the latest innovation in technology. This primarily requires special attention. In fact, various researches are regarding productivity and efficiency of nurses with respect to the advancement of technology. Furthermore, nurses are expected to provide the best ideas as possible that could help improve the entire service. This has to be integrated with the latest innovation in technology plus the extra know-how. It requires both skills and knowledge in order to achieve the best possible result. On the other hand, nurses nowadays are required to adapt evidence-based practice information as definitely essential component of nursing leadership (Staffileno & Carlson, 2010). In other words, n urses have to be the leading practitioners in discovering new ideas and other related information in line with providing the best quality and standard health care. This definitely calls them to be the leading practitioners in discovering what is essentially good for their patients and for the quality care in the health

Friday, November 15, 2019

Changing face of Indian Fashion

Changing face of Indian Fashion Changing face of Indian Fashion â€Å"Language disguises the thought, so that from the external form of the clothes one cannot infer the form of the thought they clothe, because the external form of the clothes is constructed with quite another object than to let the form of the body be recognized† (Calefato 2004. p 13). The western culture is cultivating a grand love affair with the distinctive fashion style in India. Along with Indian music and spirituality, Indian clothing is seeing a huge impact on main stream identities of western style and culture. The main intention of this essay is to demonstrate how this emerging trend relates to the changing face of Indian fashion. Fashion is the style and custom prevalent at a given time. To some its an art form, to others its like a part of their culture and religion but to most it is a method of utilizing cloth to show or hide something about themselves. Fashion can be used to serve as an extension of ones own personality or to disguise ones own true self. One of the major points here is, how does art, culture and industry, the three aspects of life, relate to fashion? The English dictionary states that, art is a human skill opposed to nature. There are various for and against argument on whether fashion is an art form. One view that favors the argument is, art is a visual medium whose creators respond to the same stimuli as painters and sculptors and like art, it involves immense creativity as well as mastery of technique and materials. The view against it is, artists supposedly are not concerned with selling, they are consumed with creating works of art, not producing a collection for regularly scheduled s howings (Rhodes, 2003). Culture on the other hand is basically an ‘intellectual development at a certain time and a certain place and refers to certain human behavior and activities that conclude to significance and importance whereas; industry is a segment of economy, concerned with the production of goods and service. It is an essential component of most societies and fashion is a huge contributor to it. The major fashion cities have continuous competition between each other and due to their different strategies become known as the ‘cultural industries. The history of costume, Barthes (1983) says, has a general epistemological value. By ‘history of costume, he means a socio-semiotic reading of the phenomenon of clothing as an articulate language through which it is possible to analyse a culture, as system and process, institution and individual act, expressive reserve and significant order. The nature of fashion, however, constantly changes and focuses on newness , or the illusion of something new which means that signs and symbols are transient. According to Woodruffe-Burton â€Å"fashion is a visual commentary on the excess of a postmodern culture, the perfect foil for a world of fragmented and commensurate identities and personage, offering a dynamic procession of free floating signs and symbolic exchanges† (Woodruffe-Burton 1998, page 302). Choices made in relation to new clothes are usually controlled by the current fashion ‘look as defined within the fashion system and realized by the availability of fresh goods (Alexandra, 2004). According to Barthes (1983), the concept of new lifestyle and fashion styles is â€Å"signified† while the fashion commodities become â€Å"signifiers†. He also points out that the present form of fashion commodities decrease in value and are subsequently relinquished when the new signifier readily provides a replacement for the previous signifier. In addition, Baudrillad (1981) referred to fashion as a â€Å"compulsion to innovate signs†¦apparently arbitaray and perpetual production of meaning a kind of meaning drive†. The meanings drive individuals, to seek out those new commodities that could signify them. According to Vinken, The discourse on fashion is constructed by the articulations of three major conceptual articulations: the division of being and mer e appearance; the division of the sexes; and inseparably linked to the latter the division of the classes. In modern times, there has been a marked tendency for the first of these conceptualities whether it appears in its philosophical form or in its ethical application to be incorporated into the sociological variations of the divisions of gender and class. This phenomenon of compression has been compounded by the fact that the paradigm of the division of the sexes has allowed itself to be grafted onto the discourse on class, dominant until the eighteenth century, with the same ease that, in traditional thought, the moral condemnation of vanity let itself be combined with the philosophical suspicion of mere appearance†(Vinken, p4) India during its earlier days to be clothed in fashion was seen as a mark of privilege enjoyed exclusively by upper class. The lower end of the society didnt have the access to it due to the dominance of traditional clothing which followed inten sively during that time. But now it has changed for the better and is being enjoyed by almost everyone at every social level because of the democratization of fashion which has helped in mass production during the Industrial Revolution. The appearance of avant-garde designers from Japan in the early 1980s was believed to be the beginning of the postmodern phenomenon in the field of fashion. It allows openness to a great variety of styles and genres and the acceptance of Asian designers which was considered as the breakdown of the racial boundaries among designers who were largely white. Post modernity allows ethnic minorities, from women, lesbians and gay men to state find or retrieve an identity (Wilson 1994). The definition of what is fashionable was gradually decreasing in its nature with the beginning of postmodernism which eliminated differences and with the end of the autonomous sphere of fine art. What was usually worn as underwear now could be worn as outerwear. What used to be a hole for the neck could be worn as an armhole. Contents of fashions have become diverse and have redefined themselves implying the breakdown of the clothing system, itself that is, of sartorial conventions. The emergence of the new modern India seems to be the buss word for the new younger generation exposed to the vision of the new millennium as India opened up its doors to the west, there came a need to create a new identity. Thus was the idea of taking Indian traditional fabrics and styles and combining them with western cuts and lines, to appeal to larger segments and masses. Due to these developments, fashion gained in acceptance out of selected cities into the most conservative households. The new emerging trend catered way to the concept of Indian fashion boutiques, due to which women started moving out of the house and those typical tailor master were out of fashion. When more and more women started doing job, the online boutiques proved to be of great help as they can find everything under one roof, from fabric, designing, stitching and accessories (Chawla, 2006). Earlier to have a desired design, effort was needed to be put on to run from shop to shop to buy the fabric. Once the fabric is bought, the matching colour of laces and buttons need to bought and all these need to be given to the tailor for completing the stitching of the garment. Now, all these headaches are been taken care by the boutiques which keep a complete range of stitched and unstitched garments from casuals to party wear. The mall culture and family stores has dominated and is steadily growing in India. These are the places which are starting to become a favorite fashion hub for upper and middle class people. These stores sell fashion garments of all age groups and sexes and are considered as shopping destination. Most Indians express a great deal through their clothing. Their quench for the ultimate perfection plays a great deal in their choice of beautifully colored dramatic and sensuous garments. Highly lively colors woven in to signify the ornate designs can be found resonating through the whole of India. Lot of western influences has created modern designs which has been included into the basic structure of Indian outfit and that are the dresses that we find these days. So that makes us wonder, what was Indian fashion actually like when there were no designers displaying their haute couture to pamper a luxurious line of clientele? Well the answer to it is, India had its own kind of customs and traditions followed from generation to generations, the presence of it are even felt today. A surprising fact about ancient Indian fashion was that the clothes were not stitched together at all because most of the clothing was ready-to-wear, as soon as they left the loom. The ancient Indian fashion did not really have garments that were sewed together. The examples of these are the dhoti, the sari, the turban and the scarf. The practice of wearing dhoti by men and women were seen as a familiar site since India always go through hot and humid climatic conditions and these were made with cotton which suits the condition. The traditional Indian Dhoti, the Scarf or Uttariya and the popular Turban are still seen visible in India as people continue to wear them and hence remains as an integral part of Indian culture. Indian dressing styles are marked by many variations, both religious and regional with a wide choice of textures and styles (Tirthankar, 1999). One of the most commonly worn traditional dresses, the sari, is essentially a rectangular cloth measuring about 6 yards long. It passes through the legs around the body and tucked in at the back. Its worn in varied styles and is made from materials like pure silk or other fabric woven in different textures with different pattern s. It is worn by women as the lower garment combined with a Stanapatta (a thin band that wraps horizontally around torso) which forms the basic wear. This consists of garments that do not have to be stitched, the stanapatta being simply fastened in a knot at the back (Osella, 2000). Although the saris and the dhotis have never gone out of fashion, with the Persian influences in Indian fashion, women started wearing long tunics that went down to the knees with trousers that were known aschuridars. It also includes the very popular, versatile, comfortable and stylishsalwar-kameez. Thesalwaris a loose pajama like trouser whose legs are wide at the top and narrow at the ankle whereas kameez is a long tunic that goes down till the knees, the sides of which are left open below the waist-line, giving the wearer great freedom of movement. The basic design of this has been modified in various ways since ancient days (Jessica Pudussery, 2009). Apart from clothes, Gold plays a major role in Indian fashion and the use of it has been a tradition, long enjoyed by Indian women since early ages. Ornaments made of gold, combined with precious and semi-precious gems and beads, are the most popular ones. As the story goes on, it is said that traditionally Indian ornaments had an e conomic value for women. The ornaments given to her at her wedding constituted a daughters inheritance from her father (which was earlier referred to as Dowry). Though this no longer holds true, a brides ornaments is considered as a financial security for her throughout life. In India the appearance of dressing styles is more towards a cosmopolitan way rather than region specific; the cause of this change can be reflected back to the early days of Indian Independence. Later on globalization bought about huge changes and this can be considered as one of the major factors witnessed in Indian fashion industry, were significance noticeable changes in styles have happened in connection with Indian dressing. Indias rapidly expanding economy has provided the basis for a fundamental change, the emergence of what is called a new vanguard increasingly dictating Indias political and economic direction (India child, 2000). There can been seen an increasingly popularity towards western mode of dressing styles among the urban youth of both sexes. Some young women are trying to incorporate the latest fashion trends within their wardrobe while still following some of the traditional Indian dressing customs. The women youth market is significant not only because of it she er size and the spending power but since they are the trend setters for rest of the population. Young women generally pay more emphasis on their appearance than older people and thus clothing occupies a more central position. They are more likely to be fashion conscious and hence are frequent buyers and they usually prefer wearing casuals (Gowswamy Roy, 2007). Although traditional dress is still worn in India, according to V.P. Sharma, an Indian worker working as a weaver in the traditional handloom sari industry in Bihar since 1988, blames the trend in womens changing tastes for handloom saris, a simple cotton sari that many Indian women wear daily. The plain designs and less appealing colors, plays no significant role for a new modern woman like Rashmi Raniwal who is a 22 year old sales assistant. Sari? she says giggling, I never wear it casually, only for formal occasions. She further adds that women in India welcomes change as it is seen as a mark of progress. There is a common view that people would consider, a woman clothed in western formal wear is more empowered than her traditional counter parts. (Time Magazine 2009). In globalized modern India mens fashion hasnt changed significantly from season to season whereas business clothing has undergone few changes but its more of being professional than being fashionable. Personal hygiene is part of the success equation, freshly scrubbed wins out over heavily fragranced. The finishing touch for Indian business professionals is his choice of accessories like briefcase, portfolio and pen but when it comes to sealing the deal, a top of the line suit, a silk tie and a good pair of leather shoes would make things perfect and professional. Its all about presenting themselves in a way that makes the business clients feel comfortable and confident on them. Dressing for success is still the rule that is being followed. It was during the late 1970s and 80s the importance of women in work place began to have a prominent role than ever before. They gradually moved into positions that had been traditionally held by men. Many of them even thought that they need to imi tate males business clothing to look appropriate for the position; the outcome was, women seen dressed in skirted suits and jackets with tailored blouses. While the business women now wear trousers to work, she does it with the intention to look professional. (Doris, 2005). Like the men the same overall rules apply to womens work atmosphere as well, business clothing is not a reflection of the latest fashion trend but it is to notice herself as a professional. They think that they should be noticed for who they are and their professional skills rather than the fashionable clothes they wear. The business wear should be appropriate for the industry and the position they hold within the industry. In the 1960s and 70s, this whole bit of buildup of wealth in India was still suffering from a Gandhian hangover. Even though there were a whole lot of families who were wealthy all over India from North to South, all their lifestyles were very low key. They were not exhibitionist or were not into the whole consumer culture. The trend has now changed completely and we can see a complete lifestyle transformation on spending habits from cell phone, holiday destination to latest fashion, which earlier would have triggered a sense of guilt that in a nation like India a kind of vulgar exhibition of wealth is contradictory to its own values. Consumerism has now become an Indian value and the new Indian middle class is making its voice heard everywhere. The middle class is hard to define precisely, is bracketed on either side by the upper and lower echelons. It is not a single stratum of society but straddles town and countryside. It encompasses prosperous farmers, white-collar workers, busi ness people, military personnel and myriad others, all actively working towards a prosperous life (Fernandes, 2006). Members of the upper class which is around 1 percent of the population, are owners of large properties, members of exclusive clubs and vacationers in foreign lands, and include industrialists, former maharajas, movie stars and top executives. Below the middle class is perhaps a third of the population who are ordinary farmers, trades people, artisans and professional workers (Britannica 2009). In todays fashion conscious society, with numeral number of designers, it would be a difficult to note down some of the top fashion designers all over the world. The superiority of designer clothing gives one the satisfaction of owing a designer piece that is unique in every way. The emergence of western concepts of displaying fashion shows has now become a common event in India. The so called catwalk models started displaying collections of designers on ramp. It was in 1932, the first fashion catwalk was organized in India by Catherine Courney. Now it can be seen as a common every day event with many conceptual and theme based shows. Indians have started exploring new avenues with their modern hybrid fashion trends which is a blend of the old traditional and the new modern and is gearing up to International exposure. This fact can be proved by the existence of eighty plus fashion schools in India were young vibrant designers are trained to face the international arena. Recently, som e of the worlds famous fashion designers like Armani, Fendi and Myiake all have been fascinated and drawn by the elements of the exotic Indian culture and traditions (Mark 2008). India, which perfectly mixes the spirit of adventure, the sense of mystery and majesty with the principles of elegance, sophistication and modernity, has long been a wonderful source of inspiration for many internationally acclaimed fashion designers. In Paris, Dries Van Naton, (The Telegraph, 2009) one of the new fashion leaders and the member of the so- called â€Å"Belgain Four† presented a collection of layered chiffon raps dresses saris and kurtha looks alikes. The color palettes of these modern western designers are drawing from the colors of vibrant Indian Rajasthan Desert at sundown using rich golds red and green. Fashion designers are credited for their mastery in embedding their creations with works of art that embellish the beauty of a woman. Its a fact that all of us are different from e ach other and seldom have the perfect figure and elegant personality that should be flaunted. Its also a truth that nobody is perfect, we all vary in height, color and characteristics. Its the magical hands of the fashion designers that transform one through intelligent smart dressing. They shape up the body in the most modest manner and make people look stunning and sensuous. There is something unique about every designer, one might focus on ethnic styling while the other on hottest western collections. The Indian movie industry has contributed and provided inspiration for the gloriously rich Technicolor summer fashion. Asia had a huge influence on the spring/summer 2002 designer catwalks and this resulted in the high street awash with bright turquoise, fuchsia, brocade and emerald tops, skirts and trousers (Colin 2004). With the changing times the Indian fashion designers have brought about a storm in this glamour world with their commendably fabulous variety both internationally and locally. A huge chunk of latest fashion is made out of expensive designer clothing. These range from expensive saris to other traditional outfits which are stitched with semi-precious stones. These are exclusively made to cater the taste and preference of particular individuals to be worn during special occasions. Some even focus on modern expensive western fashion brands to make their presence felt. All these trends can be seen in Indias growing class of the super-rich which constitutes the maharajas and other like leading movie stars and industrialists. According to CapGemini Merrill Lynch Asia Pacific Wealth Report 2008, the number of Indians with more than $1 million in assets has grown since last year by 22%, to 167,000, more than in any other Asian country. Finally, Indian fashion beauties on the world stage canno t be ignored or left out of fashion since its the women beauties of India who bought about major changes in outlook of fashion, though they were left behind in the early days. Lara Dutta (Miss Universe 2000) and Priyanka Chopra (Miss World 2000) are the few to name as the world renowned Indian beautys who contributed to these changes. Indian fashion got International exposure and acclamation through the medium of such beauty contests. Unlike uniforms, the way we dress of our own accord involves a number of subconscious decisions. There is a concept in fashion that nothing is new, in a sense everything has been done before. This is coming closer to obvious reality, although the direction is not yet decided, it is almost certain that women will use fashion as an extension of their freedom and being no longer limited by the boundaries of class. Now people like to dress in style which is accepted globally and has become an aspect of ones identity and personality.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

The Themes of Siddhartha Essay -- Hesse Siddhartha Essays

The Themes of Siddhartha      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are two themes developed in Siddhartha by Hermann Hesse.   One theme is that people can teach religious doctrine, but it may not lead one to find one's true inner "self".   The other theme is that knowledge can be taught, but wisdom comes from experience.   The main character, Siddhartha, came to these understandings during his glorious journey to find spiritual enlightenment.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to find his "self", Siddhartha undertook a quest that was split into four main parts.   These parts include:   understanding, escape from "self", knowledge of "self", and wisdom, (enlightenment). The first part, understanding, involved him living with his father who was a brahmin. Siddhartha realized that he made everybody else happy but that he himself wasn't.   He also got the feeling that he had already learned the best of what his teachers had to teach but it still wasn't enough.   He still wasn't satisfied.   One day he and his friend, Govinda, meditated by a banyan tree. Siddhartha recited the verse:      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   "Om is the bow, the arrow is the soul,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Brahman is the arrow's goal   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   At which one aims unflinchingly."(8)      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It was after meditating with Govinda that he realized what he had to do.   In an attempt to reach the arrow's goal, he would leave his father to join the Samanas who he thought had the secrets to finding the "self".      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While with the Samanas Siddhartha learned many ways to escape the "self".   He would do this through meditation, abandonment of the body, fasting, and the holding of breath. He abandoned his body thro... ... the river that he had crossed long ago and met the same ferryman that had been kind to him. During his stay with the ferryman he realized that the river was a symbol of spiritual transition; timelessness, and a teacher of the unity of all things. He had gained spiritual enlightenment.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The reasons for the trials and tribulations experienced during Siddhartha's glorious journey were to show that time was irrelevant and the world of appearances was transitory. In other words, he went through many changes in appearance and time didn't matter as long as he had achieved his goal.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Siddhartha had spent his whole life trying to gain spiritual enlightenment and at the end he finally achieved it. Like in the verse, Siddhartha used Om like a bow to direct his soul, the arrow, to spiritual enlightenment.

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Fahrenheit 451 & Gattaca Comparative Study

Throughout time Science Fiction writers have produced their work, using the concept of dystopia as a method to express their outlook and opinion on the issues within their existing societies, in which they are writing from. The writer delivers a message to the audience, educating them about the current contextual concerns and the possibility of the dystopias that are developed as a result. This is demonstrated in the novel Fahrenheit 451, written by Ray Bradbury and the film Gattaca, directed by Andrew Niccol.Both of these composers illustrate their fears for the fate of their society through the structural and language features of their texts. Ray Bradbury explores the value of using knowledge and independent thinking rather than blindly following the ‘rules’, without a second thought or question. Andrew Niccol uses the reality of scientific methods, addressing the responder of the direction society is heading in and the fatal result of the future if we were to mess wit h the balance of nature. Like all texts, Fahrenheit 451 is a product of its time.It was published in the early 1950s, during a time recovering from World War II and facing the Cold War, which caused key contextual concerns of this period. During the McCarthy era, the rise of the mass media contributed to the themes and ideas explored by Bradbury’s dystopian fiction novel. These ideas include the danger of censorship, knowledge vs. ignorance and the role of technology which are explored in a world where people are so busy that they do not stop to think or notice beauty or to really communicate with the people around them.This is a world where the media feeds the minds of numbed masses whose highest goal is happiness; a goal that persistently eludes them. Although Gattaca was created many years afterwards, Andrew Niccol’s futuristic film also explores the contextual concerns within his present society; the twenty-first century. Niccol looks at the role of science and tec hnology and the concerns that can come from being too dependent upon these. Gattaca provides us with a dystopic vision of the not-too-distant future if we are to continue to strive for perfection.He challenges our concept on what it is to be an individual human being and what extent we are willing to go to before our morals and ethics are forgotten. This is shown in the film through ideas such as destiny vs. free will, systematic discrimination and the role of nature and technology. A key concern that Bradbury has about the future that is directly related to context is the danger of censorship. The Nazi book burnings in Germany in 1933 had been widely publicised after World War II. These book burnings became a major symbol of the repression that followed in Nazi Germany.The importance of literature and the freedom to read and write was a central concern of liberal-minded people during the 1950s, and this thought was common to Bradbury. In Fahrenheit 451, society has evolved to such and extreme that literature is illegal to possess. No longer can books be read, not only because they might offend someone, but because books raise questions that often lead to revolutions and even anarchy. A major example of censorship is book burning, which with Bradbury’s use of symbolism reinforces the ideas of anti-censorship.Fire is used symbolically to identify the issues of censorship and represents the destruction of books, people and society. Censorship in the world consists of book burning, manipulative parlor families, and the intolerance of those who attempt to be an individual. Bradbury’s use of symbolism reinforces the ideas of anti-censorship. Fire is used symbol of censorship as it represents the destruction of books, of people, and of society, however is used to cover up all things that the firemen’s propaganda does not enforce.The first sentence of the novel introduces the role of fire saying â€Å"It was a pleasure to burn. It was a pleasure to see things eaten, to see things blackened and changed†. Obviously fire is a symbol of destruction, but in this quote fire has multiple functions; it destroys the book in one sense, but in another it changes the book and even creates something new. Captain Beatty wants to use fire to cleanse the world of knowledge, a thing that he believes is evil. He wants to use fire to erase people's memories and problems. He believes that fire can destroy anything and make problems disappear.When he explains that cremation is important to make people forget the dead, he says that they should â€Å"Forget them. Burn all, burn everything. Fire is bright and fire is clean†. He thinks that the only way to have a peacefully and happy society is to make people forget the past and ignore or forget anything that they do not like. This reflects back to the society after WWII and the motives of the Nazis – removing thoughts and the past will result in peace and happiness. Bradbury a lso serves to warn us of the danger of ignorance in this futuristic dystopia.This again is reflective of the Nazi book burnings and the idea of people leaving behind knowledge and becoming ‘blissfully’ ignorant of the past. In Fahrenheit 451 the fireman's responsibility is to destroy knowledge and promote ignorance in order to ensure equality. Ignorance, however, promotes suicide, poor decisions, and empty lives. When Beatty discovers Montag's hidden collection of books, he explains that all firemen become curious of books, and may have time to explore them for a short time before disposing of them.He then tells Montag about the state of the world: people are made content by their lack of knowledge. Those who truly know the world are unhappy, while those who are ignorant of it have a false sense of happiness. From this moment, Montag is given the choice of conforming and living an artificial but happy life, or seeking knowledge and bearing the pain that accompanies it. In the novel, when Captain Beatty mentions the history of fire fighting and the history of books.He says, â€Å"Classics cut to fit fifteen-minute radio shows, then cut again to fill a two-minute book column, winding up at last as a ten-or-twelve-line dictionary resume. † The use of a hyperbole in this quote exaggerates to make a point of how really short they are to him or compared to what they used to be, displaying the ignorance towards knowledge and the past. Losing touch with nature and becoming reliant on technology is a concern that Bradbury forces us to examine in Fahrenheit 451.Bradbury uses personification to demonstrate this idea, describing technological equipment as animals and giving them human characteristics. â€Å"The Mechanical Hound slept but did not sleep, lived but did not live in its gently humming, gently vibrating, softly illuminated kennel back in a dark corner of the firehouse. † This quote is a pure example of personification, where the mecha nical hound, a mere machine, is described as having a personality and behaviours similar to that of a human being. Also, this quote can be expressed as an irony to the people in the society.Another example of the being too reliant on technology is the palor walls and the people of Fahrenheit 451 spend most of their time consumed by the information they are being fed, losing touch with the outside world, or nature and becoming completely dependent on technology. Using personification once again, Bradbury defines the machine used to ‘clean out’ his wife, Mildred as a â€Å"black cobra down an echoing well looking for all the old water and the old time gathered there†, once again refer to a machine as an animal. The way he writes â€Å"This machine pumped all of the blood from the body and replaced it with fresh blood and serum,† indirectly xplains the emptiness of the people's souls in the society. This machine is pumping Mildred's blood and we can say that Mildred is the ‘representative’ of the society. In this line, it states that the machine can just replace the blood with new one, meaning that there's nothing precious in Mildred's soul. Her life is just full of nothingness, nothing to hide and nothing to lose. Technology has stripped society of its personality and identity. Niccol too explores the role of nature and technology in the futuristic dystopia he has created in Gattaca.He forces the responder to question the dangers of uncontrolled technology. In the ‘not-to-distant future’, the world of Gattaca is where genetic engineering has become the normal approach to procreation. Overall the setting of the film is quite severe and uncluttered and is dominated by people and symbolic locations. This sterile and cold society of elitist collaborations like Gattaca promotes competition, isolation and discrimination. This is something that is dangerous to individuals and relationships and shows an arrogant belie f to the world of science.The film begins with the quote â€Å"Consider Gods handwork: who can straighten what he has made crooked† from Ecclesiastes 7:13, followed by the quote â€Å"I not only think that we will tamper with Mother Nature, I think Mother Nature wants us to† from Willard, then cuts to extreme close ups of Vincent exfoliating, removing fingernails, hair, skin fragments and eyelashes. Niccol very intricately places the two quotes one after the other to force the responder to think about what being human truly is and how far is it before we’re ‘playing god’. This is extremely relevant to today’s society, as we continue to tamper with Mother Nature.The use of the extreme close-up of the fragments reminds the audience of the idea of being ‘put under the microscope’ reflects society’s obsession with defining people by their genetic ‘background’ and further magnifies the importance of genetic materia l. The role of human relationships is important to Niccol in his film Gattaca. He forces us to understand the concept of systematic discrimination. People are no longer discriminated against by race, personality, or religion, but are judged only by the superiority of their genetic code, as stated â€Å"We now have discrimination down to a science†.Visual metaphors in the film reinforce this concept. Various motifs throughout the film, such as glass and water, which illustrate the invisible walls Vincent is rebelling against. These motifs are seen in the film in separate scenes; one when Vincent is looking into Gattaca through the glass, when he is still a janitor, and another is shown in the swimming scene, with Anton becoming a symbol of the society who rejects Vincent. The continuously daunting identity checks throughout the movie reinforce the oppressive and dystopic society and the concerns presented further display the idea of discrimination.Although the discrimination i s not one that we have in this current society, the amount of discrimination we have now builds concerns that this could be a possible path for the future. Furthermore, a similar concern to that which has been raised in Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451 is the idea of conformity versus the individual. This can connected to the idea of destiny versus freewill. Vincent chooses to ignore his destiny and rebel against what is considered to be ‘normal’ in order to reach his dreams. Gattaca shows us that our destiny cannot be mapped out using our genetic code.In the beginning of the movie the idea of destiny seems to overshadow freewill. This is shown when Vincent’s ‘destiny’ is supposedly mapped out at the moment of his birth, being born with a 99% chance of a heart attack, his father realising this did not give him his name as he did not deem him worthy. Despite Vincent’s life being apparently planned for him, â€Å"there is no gene for the hu man spirit,† and this is shown when Vincent beats his ‘perfect’ brother in two rounds of the game ‘chicken’. The swimming scene contains another form of symbolism with the colours the two brothers are wearing.The two brothers wear contrasting colours when racing. Vincent is wearing white, symbolising purity whilst his brother, wearing black represents altercations, and something that has been tampered with. When his brother asks how he could possibly have beaten him, Vincent replies â€Å"This is how I did it, Anton. I never saved anything for the swim back†. This quote further supports the concept of free will vs. destiny and that our free will and our determination are what ultimately determine the path our life will take.Therefore, by taking a step back and examining the contextual concerns of the time that texts were written in, allows us to clearly see the issues and values the composers of texts are trying to create. In Ray Bradburyâ€⠄¢s Fahrenheit 451 the major value he is trying to send is that literature is much more important than technology and expresses to us his concerns for control of thoughts and the limit of knowledge one is permitted. Andrew Niccol’s Gattaca informs the audience of the values of individual identities and surpassing one’s boundaries. He allows us to understand the obsession with being perfect can be an unwarranted threat.Both these writers of Science Fiction address to their audience of the unnecessary extremes that our world could lead to if we do not understand what our boundaries are. The context and techniques of these two medians have supported the statement that Science Fiction writers create dystopias to communicate their concerns about society and its future. They use these techniques to underline what society would be like if a totalitarian regime is enforced on society, where individual thought is discouraged and propaganda is fed to the masses in order to contr ol society.

Friday, November 8, 2019

Thoreau, Franklin, and Byrd †Differences in skin color English Literature Essay

Thoreau, Franklin, and Byrd – Differences in skin color English Literature Essay Free Online Research Papers Thoreau, Franklin, and Byrd Differences in skin color English Literature Essay From the strong words of Thoreau in â€Å"Resistance to Civil Government† in which he claims he is unable to recognize a government that allows slavery, to the understanding words of Franklin concerning Native Americans. It is clear that many transcendentalist and early American authors called for the abolishment of slavery and the end of unfair treatment of Native Americans. However, the reading does give examples of those who have not progressed enough to view those with different color skin as being anymore then a farm hand or a savage. Benjamin Franklin’s statements in â€Å"Remarks Concerning the Savages of North America† leave no room for interpretation or negative judgment when looking at the lives or social structure of Native Americans. Even his opening line calls into question the prejudgments that correspond with most any reader who would find this work for the first time. His precise statement does not give room for someone to question the manners of Native Americans as he himself does not want to be questioned. This strong sense of understanding was probably cultured during Franklin’s many years over seas where he was the one looked down on for having a different idea of civility. William Apess, whom wrote â€Å"An Indian’s Looking-Glass for the White Man† pleads to Americans to look past skin color and look at principles. At the same time Apess tells the reader of those cruelties done to Native Americans and not to trust the judgment of others. He calls into question those who have claimed them to be unholy, or merely savages. Apess urges he readers not to hold a double standard for cruel behavior and for them wander out into these lands to decide for themselves who is causing problems. Apess also makes claim that it is the same God who created the white man and the Indian. He sees their abilities to be the same and should only be judged by God. This calls to a higher sense of morality in those people who are torturing and killing in the name of God. It calls to question their real motivation. For if they were attempting to show them the way of God they would not spread disease, famine, and death but rather they would teach those in need of help. Apess shows the reader that earthly wants and desire is the only real motivator for the destruction that white men have caused. In contrast to this strong sense of right there is William Byrd. From reading â€Å"The Secret Diary of William Byrd of Westover† you see that he is not a man seeking to uncover justice for his slaves. He is aware of their presence and shows concern if they are sick or unable to work. But not from the perspective of someone who has empathy but rather as a manager must keep his employees working in order to have production at its highest point. He does show the reader empathy for his wife and a solid understanding of her desires. So without a doubt his heart feels, but only through the strong filters that racism has created. The reading has shown many progressive thinkers who are not afraid to risk putting their name to works that threaten the very fabric of westward expansion and southern economy. Their strong convictions about right and wrong are still worth reading today. How great a place this country would truly be if America was able to see its people for their accomplishments and not their manners, skin color, origin, or sex. Research Papers on Thoreau, Franklin, and Byrd - Differences in skin color English Literature EssayMind TravelBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm X19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsWhere Wild and West MeetCapital PunishmentTrailblazing by Eric AndersonResearch Process Part One

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) in World War II

USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) in World War II Commissioned in 1916, USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) proved to be a workhorse for the US Navys surface fleet for over thirty years.   Taking part in World War I (1917-1918), the battleship later survived the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor and saw extensive service across the Pacific during World War II (1941-1945).   With the end of the war, Pennsylvania provided a final service as a target ship during the 1946 Operation Crossroads atomic testing. A New Design Approach After designing and constructing five classes of dreadnought battleships, the US Navy concluded that future ships should make use of a set of standardized tactical and operational traits. This would allow these vessels to operate together in combat and would simplify logistics. Designated the Standard-type, the next five classes were propelled by  oil-fired boilers rather than coal, saw the removal of amidships turrets, and utilized an â€Å"all or nothing† armor scheme.   Among these alterations, the transition to oil was made with the goal of increasing the vessel’s range as the US Navy believed this would be critical in any future naval war with Japan. The new all or nothing armor arrangement called for critical areas of the vessel, such as magazines and engineering, to be heavily armored while less important spaces were left unprotected. Also, Standard-type battleships were to be capable of a  minimum top speed of 21 knots and have a tactical turn radius of 700 yards.   Construction Incorporating these design characteristics, USS Pennsylvania (BB-28) was laid down at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company on October 27, 1913. The lead ship of its class, its design came about following the US Navys General Board ordering a new class of battleships in 1913 which mounted twelve 14 guns, twenty-two 5 guns, and an armor scheme similar to the earlier Nevada-class. The Pennsylvania-class main guns were to be mounted in four triple turrets while propulsion was to be provided by steam driven geared turbines turning four propellers. Increasingly concerned about improvements in torpedo technology, the US Navy directed that the new ships utilize a four layer system of armor. This employed multiple layers of thin plate, separated by air or oil, outboard of the main armor belt. The goal of this system was to dissipate the explosive force of a torpedo before it reached the ships primary armor. World War I Launched on March 16, 1915 with Miss Elizabeth Kolb as its sponsor, Pennsylvania was commissioned the follow year on June 16. Joining the US Atlantic Fleet, with Captain Henry B. Wilson in command, the new battleship became the commands flagship that October when Admiral Henry T. Mayo transferred his flag on board. Operating off the East Coast and in the Caribbean for the remainder of the year, Pennsylvania returned to Yorktown, VA in April 1917 just as the United States entered World War I. As the US Navy began deploying forces to Britain, Pennsylvania remained in American waters as it used fuel oil rather than coal like many of the Royal Navys vessels. Since tankers could not be spared to transport fuel abroad, Pennsylvania and the US Navys other oil-fired battleships conducted operations off the East Coast for the duration of the conflict. In December 1918, with the war ended, Pennsylvania escorted President Woodrow Wilson, aboard SS George Washington, to France for the Paris Peace Conference. USS Pennsylvania (BB-38) Overview Nation: United StatesType: BattleshipShipyard: Newport News Shipbuilding Drydock CompanyLaid Down: October 27, 1913Launched: March 16, 1915Commissioned: June 12, 1916Fate: Scuttled February 10, 1948 Specifications (1941) Displacement: 31,400 tonsLength: 608 ft.Beam: 97.1 ft.Draft: 28.9 ft.Propulsion: 4 propellers driven by 1 Ãâ€" Bureau Express and 5 Ãâ€" White-Forster boilersSpeed: 21 knotsRange: 10,688 miles at 15 knotsComplement: 1,358 men Armament Guns 12 Ãâ€" 14 in. (360 mm)/45 cal guns (4 triple turrets)14 Ãâ€" 5 in./51 cal. guns12 Ãâ€" 5 in./25 cal. anti-aircraft guns Aircraft 2 x aircraft Interwar Years The remaining flagship of the US Atlantic Fleet, Pennsylvania operating in home waters in early 1919 and that July met the returning George Washington and escorted it into New York. The next two years saw the battleship conduct routine peacetime training until receiving orders to join the US Pacific Fleet in August 1922. For the next seven years, Pennsylvania operated on the West Coast and participated in training around Hawaii and the Panama Canal. The routine of this period was punctuated in 1925 when the battleship conducted a goodwill tour to New Zealand and Australia. In early 1929, after training exercises off Panama and Cuba, Pennsylvania sailed north and entered the Philadelphia Navy Yard for an extensive modernization program. Remaining at Philadelphia for almost two years, the ships secondary armament was modified and its cage masts replaced by new tripod masts. After conducting refresher training off Cuba in May 1931, ​Pennsylvania returned to the Pacific Fleet. In the Pacific For the next decade, Pennsylvania remained a stalwart of the Pacific Fleet and took part in annual exercises and routine training. Overhauled at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in late 1940, it sailed for Pearl Harbor on January 7, 1941. Later that year, Pennsylvania was one of fourteen ships to receive the new CXAM-1 radar system. In the fall of 1941, the battleship was dry docked at Pearl Harbor. Though scheduled to leave on December 6, Pennsylvanias departure was delayed. As a result, the battleship remained in dry dock when the Japanese attacked the next day. One of the first ships to respond with anti-aircraft fire, Pennsylvania took minor damage during the attack despite repeated Japanese attempts to destroy the dry docks caisson. Positioned forward of the battleship in the drydock, the destroyers USS Cassin and USS Downes were both severely damaged. World War II Begins In the wake of the attack, Pennsylvania departed Pearl Harbor on December 20 and sailed for San Francisco. Arriving, it underwent repairs before joining a squadron led by Vice Admiral William S. Pye which operated off the West Coast to prevent a Japanese strike. Following the victories at Coral Sea and Midway, this force was disbanded and Pennsylvania briefly returned to Hawaiian waters. In October, with the situation in the Pacific stabilized, the battleship received orders to sail for Mare Island Naval Shipyard and a major overhaul. While at Mare Island, Pennsylvanias tripod masts were removed and its anti-aircraft armament enhanced with the installation of ten Bofors 40 mm quad mounts and fifty-one Oerlikon 20 mm single mounts. In addition, the existing 5 guns were replaced with new rapid fire 5 guns in eight twin mounts. Work on Pennsylvania was completed in February 1943 and following refresher training, the ship departed for service in the Aleutian Campaign in late April. In the Aleutians Reaching Cold Bay, AK on April 30, Pennsylvania joined Allied forces for the liberation of Attu. Bombarding enemy shore positions on May 11-12, the battleship supported Allied forces as they went ashore. Later on May 12, Pennsylvania evaded a torpedo attack and its escorting destroyers succeeded in sinking the perpetrator, the submarine I-31, the next day. Aiding in operations around the island for the remainder of the month, Pennsylvania then retired to Adak. Sailing in August, the battleship served as Rear Admiral Francis Rockwells flagship during the campaign against Kiska. With the successful re-capture of the island, the battleship became flagship of Rear Admiral Richmond K. Turner, Commander Fifth Amphibious Force, that fall. Sailing in November, Turner re-captured Makin Atoll later that month. Island Hopping On January 31, 1944, Pennsylvania took part in the bombardment prior to the invasion of Kwajalein. Remaining on station, the battleship continued to provide fire support once the landings began the next day. In February, Pennsylvania fulfilled a similar role during the invasion of Eniwetok. After conducting training exercises and a voyage to Australia, the battleship joined Allied forces for the Marianas Campaign in June. On June 14, Pennsylvanias guns pounded enemy positions on Saipan in preparation for landings the next day. Remaining in the area, the vessel struck targets on Tinian and Guam as well as provided direct fire support to troops ashore on Saipan. The following month, Pennsylvania aided in the liberation of Guam. With the end of operations in the Marianas, it joined the Palau Bombardment and Fire Support Group for the invasion of Peleliu in September. Remaining off the beach, Pennsylvanias main battery pummeled Japanese positions and greatly aided Allied forces ashore. Surigao Strait Following repairs in the Admiralty Islands in early October, Pennsylvania sailed as part of Rear Admiral Jesse B. Oldendorfs Bombardment and Fire Support Group which in turn was part of Vice Admiral Thomas C. Kinkaids Central Philippine Attack Force. Moving against Leyte, Pennsylvania reached its fire support station on October 18 and began covering General Douglas MacArthurs troops as they went ashore two days later. With the Battle of Leyte Gulf underway, Oldendorfs battleships moved south on October 24 and blocked the mouth of the Surigao Strait. Attacked by Japanese forces that night, his vessels sank the battleships Yamashiro and Fuso. In the course of the fighting, Pennsylvanias guns remained quiet as its older fire control radar could not distinguish the enemy vessels in the confined waters of the strait. Retiring to the Admiralty Islands in November, Pennsylvania returned to action in January 1945 as part of Oldendorfs Lingayen Bombardment and Fire Support Group. Philippines Driving off air attacks on January 4-5, 1945, Oldendorfs ships began striking targets around the mouth of Lingayen Gulf, Luzon the next day. Entering the gulf on the afternoon of January 6, Pennsylvania commenced reducing Japanese defenses in the area. As in the past, it continued to offer direct fire support once Allied troops began landing on January 9. Commencing a patrol of the South China Sea a day later, Pennsylvania returned after a week and remained in the gulf until February. Withdrawn on February 22, it steamed for San Francisco and an overhaul. While at the Hunters Point Shipyard, Pennsylvanias main guns received new barrels, the anti-aircraft defenses were enhanced, and new fire control radar was installed. Departing on July 12, the ship sailed for newly captured Okinawa with stops at Pearl Harbor and to bombard Wake Island. Okinawa Reaching Okinawa in early August, Pennsylvania anchored in Buckner Bay near USS Tennessee (BB-43). On August 12, a Japanese torpedo plane penetrated the Allied defenses and stuck the battleship in the stern. The torpedo strike opened a thirty-foot hole in Pennsylvania and badly damaged its propellers. Towed to Guam, the battleship was dry docked and received temporary repairs. Leaving in October, it transited the Pacific en route to Puget Sound. While at sea, the Number 3 propeller shaft broke necessitating divers to cut it and the propeller away. As a result, Pennsylvania limped into Puget Sound on October 24 with only one operable propeller. Final Days As World War II had ended, the US Navy did not intend to retain Pennsylvania. As a result, the battleship received only those repairs necessary for transit to the Marshall Islands. Taken to Bikini Atoll, the battleship was used as a target vessel during the Operation Crossroads atomic tests in July 1946. Surviving both blasts, Pennsylvania was towed to Kwajalein Lagoon where it was decommissioned on August 29. The ship remained in the lagoon until early 1948 where it was used for structural and radiological studies. On February 10, 1948, Pennsylvania taken from the lagoon and sunk at sea.

Monday, November 4, 2019

Changes in capacity and dicision making Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Changes in capacity and dicision making - Essay Example Every surrogate decision maker appointed by the patient or by the court or selected automatically, have the responsibility of representing the wishes of the grown up individual and take into consideration the patients values. Health care practitioners also have the responsibility of honoring these values and wishes as they are. When the wishes and values of the patient are not known by the surrogate, he/she should be guided based on the patient’s best interest (Buchanan et al. 1998). Capacity assessment plays a very important role in determining when a patient cannot make decisions; hence they should be made on his behalf. This has a big implication for the clinic health professionals and civil freedoms effects of the patient. The process of determining the patients capacity is very important and can have serious implication to the patient’s life or even health, it can also make the person offering the treatment to lose his/her career/job. A health practitioner can get wrong information about a patient’s health that he/she gets from the patient who is mentally impaired. When such information is used, it may end up endangering the life of the patient. It is, therefore, crucial to adequate capacity assessment to be carried out. In this scenario, there is a conflict between the father and the daughter hence an ethical decision-making will be required by the healthcare executive. The decision makers, in this case, must take into account ethical, justice to parties involved, autonomy, beneficence, & nonmaleficence. They should also take consideration their professional and organizational moral principles codes and standards. The bioethicist should come up with a proper and sound decision-making framework. A mechanism that comprise of ethics committees, services for consulting, and policies that are written. An official way with guidelines should be established to help in the decision-making process. However, given that the patient

Friday, November 1, 2019

New Preston Village Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

New Preston Village - Speech or Presentation Example Village name: New preston Village type: model village Region: United states Name etymology: Square 2 Village timeline: its 10, 000 years old. Colonized in 1741 In 1753 New preston Ecclesiastical society was established. April 1778 General assembly was integrated to a town. In 1872 was arrival of railroad and 1948 it stopped operations. 1970 the village had became diminutive. 1990s the village made in picturesque in hosting of vistors. Square 3 Village plan: total area is 2020.19 hactares; 0.5 square mile is water and the rest is land. There is a river which is running through the centre of the village. It also passes over the New Preston falls. It has narrow valleys and steep hills. Square 4. population is 1110 2020.19/1110 1.82 % Square 5 Demographics There is 439 households and 303 families in this village. Racial make up is whites= 97.84%, African Americans 0.36%, native Americans 0.09%, Asian 0.18%, others races 1.43% and latino were 1.17 % of the population. Children under 18 made 30.3% Married couples 60.6% Non families 30.8 % Female householder 5.9%