Tuesday, April 30, 2019

Valentines Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Valentines - Essay ExampleNelly is an ath allowic and a rugby player in her school. For this reason, she has a buildup body that have developed disclose of his hobbies. She argues that she required weight to enable her play hearty and protect herself from other players. Moreover, being athletic make ones develop a lot of muscle out of the patchy exercises and to cope with the demand of the sport (London, 2015).Nelly says that she was astonished for her see to it to offer a gift suggesting she fuck on weight (London, 2015). She argues that that was the least she expected because she constantly imagined that her friend like and support her involvement in sports. Nelly says that it was her resilient that made her resist knocking him down and throwing him out of the house (London, 2015). This made her cancel the assure and dump his pick up the following day.Katie Ford is a 33 years business woman (London, 2015). She says that she is always excited to enjoy valentine day with her find out. However, on February 14, 2014 she experienced a traumatic encounter after she and her date was booked for being too drunk. That evening they went to buy drink, so they have a romantic night. However, her date started drinking and promised her of so many things he would do for her. Katie though hesitant for the man ego, agreed let him have a chance.However, they did not last long on their romantic date before Katie date got too much drunk and started fighting with strangers for no apparent reason. The commotion led the owner of the eating place to call the police to calm down Katie date. Nevertheless, the police had no choice, but to arrest the unruly man and booked him overnight until the next day. Katie romantic moment had to end and walk in the dark to her house. She says she had a walk with her high heels alone in the middle of the night because his date was not man enough. She stone-broke up with him the

Monday, April 29, 2019

Child Witness to Intimate Partner Violence Essay

Child Witness to Intimate Partner Violence - Essay ExampleThe study of violence against women by a spouse of sexual collaborationist became a topic of contention chiefly during the Womens Movements of the 1970s (Murphy & Ouimet, 2008). In point, all acts of violence within a family setting are without delay referred to as intimate partner violence (IPV). Most studies are based on the support that the bear upon partner needs when he or she is affected by domestic violence. But very hardly a(prenominal) of them focus on the emotional and psychological aspects of children who are witness to intimate partner violence.It is a fact that children are affected by IPV, and it may result in mental and emotional trauma that deal extend into adulthood. It is true that the primary stakeholders in IPV are the battered person (often the woman), the dominant partner and those socially responsible for correcting or preventing the problem. But it is also a fact that the children (common or of those belonging to either economize or wife) are also affected by it. A study titled Survival of intimate partner violence as experienced by women states that children exhibited panic disorders, mental problems and suicidal thoughts in posterior life (Flinck, Paavilainen, & Kurki, 2005). This observation has been found in other studies as well, indicating that children who are witness to intimate partner crimes may also need emotional and psychological support. For example, children standnot help but be affected by their experiences of abuse and violence but the impact of living with domestic violence can affect children otherwise (Jones , 2006). The authors refer to such children as forgotten, silent or invisible victims of intimate partner violence. In slipperiness they are very small, later periods may find such children with development problems, language problems, and stuttering. There can also be instances of abnormal bedwetting and

Sunday, April 28, 2019

ALFRED THAYER MAHAN Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

ALFRED THAYER MAHAN - Essay ExampleCommissioned as a deputy in 1861, Mahan served the Union in the American Civil War as an officer on Congress, Pocahontas, and pile Adger, and as an instructor at the nautical Academy. In 1865 he was promoted to Lieutenant air force officer and then to Commander (1872), and Captain (1885). Despite his success in the Navy, his skills in commanding a ship was not exemplary, and a number of vessels under his command were involved in collisions, with both moving and stationary objects. With strong sum for old square-rigged vessels, he did not like smoky, noisy steamships of his times and he tried to negate active sea duty. On the other hand, the books he wrote ashore made him arguably the most powerful naval historian.In 1885, he was appointed lecturer in naval history and tactics and the Naval War College. It was here he began researching and writing his lectures. He later became the chairperson of the Naval War College and past in 1887, he became acquainted with a young visiting lecturer named Theodore Roosevelt, who would later become the president of the United States. During this period Mahan organized his Naval War College lectures into his most influential books, The Influence of Sea office staff upon History, 16601783, and The Influence of Sea billet upon the French Revolution and Empire, 17931812, published in 1890 and 1892, respectively. Some of his other renowned works include Life of Farragut (1892), The Life of Nelson, the Embodiment of the Sea Power of Great Britain (2 vols., 1897), Sea Power in its Relation to the War of 1812 (1905), and From Sail to Steam (1907), the last a book relating to his own career. In his later years he also wrote many articles for the magazines, and out of them were formed several volumes of essays.Mahan believed that control of seaborne commerce was the determining factor to domination in war. It emphasized that if one combatant could deny the persona of the sea to the other part y, then the economy of the other side would

Saturday, April 27, 2019

Learning Framework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

acquirement Framework - Assignment Exampleirected, reflective learners Learning final stage 2 Be knowledgeable in their major field of study Learning name and subjoinress 3 Be critical enquirers and problem solvers Learning totress 4 Be able to specify and act ethically Learning Goal 5 Be able to work collaboratively Learning Goal 6 Be effective communicators The Learning Framework is the first stage of your assessment programme that culminates in your Oral Brief and Co-operative schooling Report. In your Co-operative Education Report you will critically reflect on, break and evaluate your development throughout your Co-operative Education Placement and work on and complete a trail research topic of your choice. Instructions for completing this document You are required to address all of the points which appertain to distributively of theBBus Learning Goals. You may either answer severally point individually or you may choose to respond to all points in the one dissert ateion of paragraphs using appropriate headings and sub-headings. Learning Goal 2 Be knowledgeable in your major field of study demonstrating the application of knowledge from your major(s) to your Co-operative Education Placement In this Learning Goal you will explain how knowledge from your major(s) might apply to your tasks and discuss the value of your role. You are required to address both of the points below. You may include further comments or handling that is relevant to this Learning Goal. You must integrate relevant concepts, models, frameworks, theories and/or technical competencies (use in text references) to frequent your discussion. 1. Provide a brief overview of your role and your Co-operative Education Placement Organisation (CPO) 2. Briefly describe each of your key tasks or activities that relate to your major(s). For each key task or activity, identify a world-wide range of theories, concepts, models, frameworks and/or technical competencies from your major(s) and explain how they could apply. 3. Discuss the value that your role and personal attributes may add to your CPO. 1. Provide a brief overview of your role and your Co-operative Education Placement Organisation (CPO) 2. Briefly describe each of your key tasks or activities that relate to your major(s). For each key task or activity, identify a general range of theories, concepts, models, frameworks and/or technical competencies from your major(s) and explain how they could apply. 3. Discuss the value that your role and personal attributes may add to your CPO. 1. I have already worked in a branding and advertising agency in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia and I became interested in functional attributes of branding and advertising career during my land tenure in stigmatize House advertizement Service. It has been already mentioned that I am going to join Brand House Advertising Service in Riyadh as Co-op Placement in temporary basis. During the short tenure of

Friday, April 26, 2019

Evaluating the Law of Theft Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Evaluating the Law of Theft - Essay ExampleThe resulting act was an effort of a committee of parliament, Criminal Law Revision Committee, which was tasked to reform the English law of theft. To ensure that the law captures whole those separate laws, substantial definitions were on all circumstances of stealing. The law further makes provisions for criminal proceeding available to one(a) party in a marriage relationship a mountst the partner. The law also makes some(a) amendments to the Post Office Act 1953, besides other enactments and to serve other purposes connected to it. This is ab expose the constitutional law, but in this analysis we are limited to section 1 only for the purposes of this study (Ramage, S, 2005). In section 1, subsection1 of the Act, a basic definition of the term theft is offered, by which the sections seek to set out what entails the offence of theft. A person will be said to be guilty of the offence if he dishonestly appropriates himself or herself, prope rty belonging to another person, with a clear intention to deprive for good the other of it. For purposes of legal interpretation, theft and stealing shall be construed accordingly to mean the same thing. Where, stealing evict take the place of theft and theft can be said to be stealing. In direct to be said that theft has occurred, the thief, according to subsection 2, will appropriate himself with a view to gain or otherwise for his own benefit. The owner of the property then, shall in this case, suffer the loss of enjoying the benefits of the property in which the thief has appropriated himself. The supplementary definitions of terms arising from the definition of theft have been substantially dealt with thereafter from section 2 to 6 (Hooper & Ormerod, 2011). There have been some changes to the act over the years, the tardyst being as late as 2006. The changes are carried in two major changes (repeals) the Theft Act 1978 and the Fraud Act 2006. The repealing acts does not re place the entire Theft Act 1968, but rather to define further sections which were found to be not sufficient in dealing with more offences that were committed, but the act did not sufficiently cover. The sections embroil 15, 16 and 18 of the Theft Act 1968 (UK). Section 16 deals with obtaining pecuniary advantage by duplicity in monetary terms. According to the section pecuniary advantage would result in one enough richer that he was before the act of deception. It also includes situations where one should have paid for a good or service, in the process one does not gain more money but rather one remains with the money he should have paid. The law faced some challenges in the case of DPP v Ray (1974) AC 370 House of Lords where Ray had gone to a restaurant and ordered a repast with an intention to pay, but left after eating when the waiter left the room. Ray was originally not found guilty by a lower court, but the House of Lords overturned the ruling by allowing the case to go t o fresh trial. He was convicted subsequently. The House of Lords held that Ray had a pecuniary advantage since he had not paid. He had deceived by representing himself originally as an honest customer (The Government of the United Kingdom). The danger with this section was that people would represent themselves as honest but decide to be deceptive in the process. The law would let them free if they proof that they did not intend to do so. This

Thursday, April 25, 2019

Masraf Al-Rayan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Masraf Al-Rayan - Essay ExampleMasraf Al-Rayan is an Moslem banking that is relate with financing, investing and other activities like brokerage. The bank is based in Qatar, and it is an international firm. The business mannequin of the company is that it operates in corporate banking, retail banking and lastly through asset circumspection. The corporate banking involves corporate pay and other advisory services that atomic number 18 needed by the customers. In corporate banking, the management is concerned with how capital is restructured, capital raising and evaluation of the customers when they need loans to expand their businesses as well as mergers and acquisition. Additionally, it is likewise concerned with specialized investments and project finance among others.The next business model is the retail banking that ensures that the bank considers flow rate savings and the customer deposits accounts. The retail banking also plays a significant role in ensuring that it is financing the recognition card for the customers, checking the kids account and ensuring that it is updated to the month the customers have paid (Mishkin and Eakins, 2009). It also ensures that the pay and the prepaid cards are financed fully so that customer complaints are reduced and ensure efficiency in the company. It plays a little role in ensuring that private banking products and services are offered to the customers.The last business model is the asset management for the customers and the bank assets that they have been acquired through credit or buying cash. It also ensures that cash management is controlled so that customers can get the capital any time that is required as long it is business on the job(p) hours. Business planning and financing is the role of the asset management department. The aim of the department is to carry valuation and then fund the business so that the bank and customers can gain from those investments. The financial brokerage makes it achievab le for the bank to buy real estates and later sell them to the customers

Analytical Report Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5500 words

Analytical Report - taste ExampleOut of the total..Academic semesters, semesters are reserved for on-the job training in the form of Internship. I was admitted as an Intern in the Logistics firm M/s Takhzeen Warehousing and Logistics company TAKHZEEN from to .. The aim of my internship serve is to familiarize me with the operations, management and impact of this logistics company, on the business of Logistics Service in the Arabian Gulf Region, the post it plays in this business, its management style and potentials for me to be a part of its growth, and thus achieve a occupational group advancement for me. From my academic learning I know of the theoretical concepts underlying the business. I in addition invite that it is not always possible for a business to conform to typical theoretical models of work. Thus I would comparable to know how the company has molded its practices to get along with the ground realities. As a Trainee Manger, I am fascinated by the different tools available for upgrading character reference and service aspects of the business. I want to chat how far the buzz words of Modern Quality Management, like ERP, TQM, Kaizen and Six Sigma are introduced in the ships company, and also how far they have been successful in this Company. An ounce of practice is more valuable than a short ton of theory. So I have used my Internship to closely watch the Organizational Setup, Command Chain, Supply Chain, Quality Management and Customer Management, as much as I study my academic specialty instance of Finance in the context of this company. Since I have the long term goal of owning and operating a Logistics company of my own, I would also be observing the company from the entrepreneurs perspective. I would like to study the origin and growth of the Company over the years and see how best to adopt the lessons from its growth, to pop out and grow my own company. SECTION 2 1. Company Culture The Takhzeen Warehousing and & Storage Company TAKH ZEEN was co-ordinated as a Closed Bahraini Shareholding Company. It has a strategic alliance with Al Muthana Investment Company of Kuwait and Al Khawari group of Saudi Arabia. The authorized Share Capital of the Company is $50 million, and the salaried up capital is $10 million. The motivation for lotting up of this company was the admiration and belief in the competence of the Saudi Arabian Companys specialized knowledge and skill in the field of operation of Logisticscold storage, transport, and all allied aspects of logistics. Takhzeen looked forward to providing Professional and efficient Logistics support to the Private Sector in Bahrain and the Arabian Gulf region, benefiting from the expertise of its partners. For this, the Company expected to set the latest International standards and practices in its operations, with a view to set market standards in the region. Mr. Murad Al Ramadan, Managing Director of Takhzeen, and also Deputy C.E.O. for Investment set the short term goal of Takhzeen as identifying and entering the various opportunities in the area for Logistics service and expanding increasingly into .the whole of the region. Another goal was to develop and provide training

Wednesday, April 24, 2019

Supply and Demand of Online Music Streaming Essay

Supply and Demand of Online Music Streaming - Essay ExampleNow, people laughingstock access their favorite symphony through internet by paying no or comparatively low prices to the suppliers. (Amberg, and Schrder. 2007).The online music industry is experiencing another revolution phase due to the development of technology and design of Smartphones with a capacity to run online catameniaing any where through 4G connection. Initially, online paid music downloading facility was offer upd by the Apples iTunes in 2003, but it was a cumbersome task to download the music and and so run it, therefore the online music industry players had started to develop such applications and platforms, where people can directly stream their favorite music without keeping them in their PCs or Mobile phones storage. For this purpose, online radio platforms, i.e. Pandora and Spotify become been developed to provide an online streaming facility to the music lovers over their computers and Smartphones. Streaming services are providing almost all sorts of music to their customers and people can access more than million of songs through a single click. Online radios, like Pandora and iTunes Radio, have chosen what the customers want to hear and these firms generate their revenues through advertisements. Whereas, other firms like Deezer and Spotify, offer a battle array of 20 to 30 million songs on annual or monthly subscription basis and charge allowance prices to their customers. Due to these changes the sales of record labels have decreased by 4% as compared to the last year, where on the other hand online streaming firms like Spotify has earned more than $1 billion in revenues. (Bhattacharjee, Gopal, Lertwachara, and Marsden. 2007). However, the overall online streaming industry was accounted for 21% of the total music industry revenues in 2013, which showed a very rapid growth in last 5 years. ( Hodgkins, 2014) Due to the high trend of Smartphones and development in the spr ightly phone services sector, i.e. the

Tuesday, April 23, 2019

U.A.E United Arab Emirates Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

U.A.E United Arab Emirates - Essay ExampleThere are very many cultural aspects that the UAE shares with separate larger Arab cultures and their neighboring Arabic countries. The paper will review the history of United Arab Emirates based on cultures, traditions they celebrate, clothing, food and other historical aspects.In the early 19th century, the U.AE was inhabited by resourceful and lofty nomadic Bedouin groups, date farms and fishing villages. Abu Dhabi had hundreds of Barasti huts commonly known as palm huts, several buildings and the famous patterns Fort. Dubai, on the other hand, was the trading hub because it was geographically located along the creek. This ensured that it offered a safe oasis against the Straits of Hormuz and others (Abdulla 58). The current UAE has very little resemblance to the Emirates that existed 40 years ago. Widespread changes have taken place across time and place, leading to rapid transformation of the country. Studies have shown that the UAE was in existence fifty-fifty in the 3rd millennium BC with its history being characterized by states that practiced fishing, herding, and nomadism. These constituted the old economic activities in the region during the periods near the 3rd millennium.Bedouins were definitely the main building blocks and pillars of the UAE community. The term Bedouin refers to a desert dweller. Thus, Bedouins took the active part in the construction of the United Arab Emirates. These early desert dwellers moved in the midst of the desert, ocean and the oasis. The three environments were critical for their survival since they provided conducive conditions for their economic activities. When near the ocean they would concentrate on fishing and pearl diving when in the desert they would search for grazing areas for their herds and camels. When in the oasis the Bedouin tribe would irrigate and farm vegetables and dates. The luxuriant farms and terraced gardens found in the mountain Wadis and Al Ain are demonstration

Monday, April 22, 2019

Music Appreciation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Music Appreciation - bear witness ExampleHowever, when we hear someone talk about classical medicinal drug, he or she is roughly likely talking about the kind of musical standards set in the common practice period, when European music became contrasting in notation from the music of other parts of the world. Because the word classical music is unfairly broad, it is best for music scholars and appreciators to compare classical eras, such as the amorous era and the churrigueresco era. Even though the times the experts have set as either the Baroque or the Romantic are somewhat arbitrary, they are convenient. Otherwise, it is not fair to lump very different kinds of music together into one. In todays terms, that would be like lumping pop artists with classic rock artists and bluegrass artists, stretched crossways a 400-year period. Within this 400-year period in European music, from the 16th to the 20th century, European music real and perfected a system of staff notation to pr eserve and transmit very important learning about the musical composition. With staff notation, composers gained the ability to guide carry outers on their use of meter, rhythm, speed, and pitch, all necessary to perform any given piece of music. As a result, European classical music became unique and different from other forms of classical music like those in the Asian continent. European classical music, with a exacting system of notation, left less room for improvisation and invention on the part of performers. The performers became indistinguishable from their instruments.

Sunday, April 21, 2019

Debate about the true market value of Telstra shares and about the Essay

Debate about the lawful market value of Telstra shares and about the financial management of the company - Essay ExampleAside from the said(prenominal) services, it is also involved in the provision of cable distribution and management of business entropy applied science or telecommunication services. The company also provides wholesale services to other carriers, carriage service providers, and profit service providers (Telstra Corporation check 1).The company has made its IPO (initial public offering) in 1991. Currently, the company is downstairs joint public/private ownership, with the Australian government holding 51.8% of its share as of the mid-2005 (Telstra 1). The privatization of Telstra has begun in the lately 1990s by the coalition government. However, full privatization which would mean divesting all the governments shares had been blocked until the fourteenth of September 2005.The true value of the companys stock is currently under hot scheme from the different i ndustry players. Experts assert that the companys stock is overvalued as some financial information were revealed to the government, the companys largest stakeholder yet remained concealed to the remaining 1.6 million shareholders. The company had allegedly borrowed US$ cholecalciferol million from its reserves to cover its dividend payout in 2005 and another US$2.5 billion for its dividend obligations in 2006. It was also inform that the company needs a minimum of US$3 billion cash outlay in order to rehabilitate its faulty lines. This investment is necessary as Telstra Limited Corporation had not been making investments to maintain its lines (Haynes 20-21).This information significantly affected the value of the telecommunication giant as investors become awake of the true performance of the company and its future directions. During the first week of September, the market value of its stocks plunged to its lowest in two years. Stock prices further dipped reaching $4.00.After its IPO in 1997, Telstra Corporation Limited has become a profitable investment in security, giving healthy

Saturday, April 20, 2019

Business plan for Education and Cookery School Essay

Business plan for Education and Cookery School - prove ExampleThe project offers children with hands-on-firm experience as they learn. It will allow children to learn to the highest degree food sources, the branch of making food, and farming conservation concepts. The education center will also be equipped with a kitchen where students will learn how to cook as part of field-to-fork cycle. The education center will offer eve cookery classes that emphasize on field-to-fork cycle. These classes will run between 630 PM and 900 PM three days in the week. Weekend classes will also be offered at finical times of the where when certain harvests are made. The strategy of the project is to work with local anesthetic schools, Countryside Learning, FACE and growing schools in order to provide a fully integrated learning environment. The target is to reach 200 schools inwardly Gloucestershire County and later expand to other schools in North Wiltshire and beyond. Farm diversification has b ecome an important subdivision in the farming industry in the UK. Great Britain suggests that half of the farms in the UK utilize some resile of diversification. These diversification concernes bring about 10,400 extra income for the farm. Diversification also increases the utilization of physical resources within the farm. Furthermore, it enhances interrupt utilization of farming skills. Diversification also integrates the farm into the rural economy. Farm diversification alternatives may be agricultural or non-agricultural. This business plan suggests a planned non-agricultural approach to business diversification. The name of the business is Education and Cookery School (ECS). The business is located on the lower Harnhill farm which is owned by the Royal Agricultural University. It will be an educational center that will offer education to local schools within Gloucestershire County towns including Harnhill, Cirencester, Cheltenham, Marlborough, Royal Wotton Bassett and Swind on. The educational center will offer evening classes and special classes during the weekend on special harvest periods. Located on the outskirts of Cirencester in Gloucestershire, Harnhill is a prominently mixed farm with of about 600 acres.

Government and Offshore and Outsourcing Companies Term Paper

Government and Offshore and Outsourcing Companies - Term Paper exerciseThe term paper Government and Offshore and Outsourcing Companies discusses if the government should impose stiff penalties on companies that offshore and outsource. oer the recent past, there has been a growing debate about the role of the government in the worry of offshoring and outsourcing of production among many corporations in the US.The debate has been so entrenched in the country that it formed office of the 1992 presidential debate between Bill Clinton and George Bush. The former had commented that offshoring would lead to more gains for the country in the ample run. Recently, the debate has shifted focus into suggesting and proposing harsh penalties for companies that ship their operations overseas in a bid to retardant the practice. Many workers and trade unions have demonstrated against the perceived injustice and decried the lack of compensation for the same. It is understandable when such(prenom inal) groups press such grievances forth but implementing what they suggest is totally impractical. While in truth locals do lose their jobs when companies move their operations elsewhere, it is not factual to assume that this loss surpasses the gains achieved. It is only prudent that adept looks at it from both the companys viewpoint and that of the larger population. To start with, offshoring is ideally a responsive strategy in dealing with the challenges that companies face in trying to make profits. Treating offshoring as an evil would be to miss an important factor that helps us understand the rationale behind it.

Friday, April 19, 2019

The Rwandan genocide Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Rwandan genocide - Essay ExampleThe Rwanda civil war was fought between the Hutu regimes. The Francophone nations of Africa and France overly supported the regime. The Rwandan Patriotic Front, took the support of Uganda and created a lot of chaos and tension within the country which eventually led to the rise of Hutu Power.Hutu Power believed in an ideology. They claimed that the Tutsi wanted to enslave Hutus and should be restrained from at all cost. Irrespective of the concurrent ethnic turmoil, inclusive of the displacement of Hutus in huge in the north at the hands of the rebels, the pressure on the government of Juvenal Habyarimana continued to mount up. It paved way for a ceasefire in 1993 and a pre-mature implementation of the Arshua Accords.Habyarimanas assassination took place in April 1994. It was the closest and biggest reason behind the cleanup positions of Tutsis and proponents of a peaceful Hutus. The mass genocide took place primarily due to dickens Hutu milit ias who were associated with political parties i.e. the Interhamwe and the Impuzamugambi. The genocide was carried place by a Hutu power group popularly known as the Akazu all over. The massive killing sprouted the demise of the peace agreement for the war end. Tutsi RPF on the other hand, relaunched their offensive and eventually discomfited the army while seizing complete control of the country.Ethnic tensions in Rwanda are no virgin phenomenon. Disagreements had always been there between the majorities, the Hutus against the minority Tutsis. However, the bitterness grew even further during the colonial period.On the exterior, the two ethnic groups resemble a lot in their mannerism. The language they speak is the alike they pursue the same traditions and culture and have inhabited the same areas. However their difference lies in their appearance. Tutsis are taller and thinner than the Hutus. legion(predicate) claim that the origin of the Tutsis, traces all the way back to Ethi opia.

Thursday, April 18, 2019

'Descartes' account of what is necessary and what is sufficient for Essay

Descartes account of what is necessary and what is fitted for knowledge does not make sense. Explain and critically discuss - Essay ExampleIn developing these ideas, Descartes wrote several books regarding the nature of existence and knowledge, providing us with plenty of material to study and has had tremendous influence on those who have numerate after him. One of his most often quoted statements is I think, therefore I am which was published in his book entitled Discourse on Method, which was first published in 1637. By studying the writings that led up to this concept as expressed in Discourse on Method and comparing them with further attempts to refine this idea within Meditations on First Philosophy, one begins to intermit that Descartes account of what is necessary and what is sufficient for knowledge does not make sense.This simple-sounding statement of I think, therefore I am is the result of a discourse in which Descartes calls into question all of the assumptions hes c ome to know as a result of the philosophical thought of his day. I had long before remarked that it is sometimes necessary to adopt, as if above doubt, opinions which we discern to be highly uncertain (Descartes, 2001). To seek a higher(prenominal) version of the truth, Descartes felt it was necessary to question every assumption that had even the shadow of a doubt. finished this questioning process, he demonstrates how thought, not observation is really the right foundation for knowledge. When I considered that the very kindred thoughts (presentations) which we experience when awake may also be experienced when we are asleep, while there is at that time not one of them true, I supposed that all the objects (presentations) that had ever entered into my mind when awake, had in them no more truth than the illusions of my dreams (Descartes, 2001). His idea of discovering truths about the world was defined by whether he had a dupe and distinct perception of them and that was suffici ent for knowledge.However, the idea that knowledge can be defined by a clear and

Wednesday, April 17, 2019

Tragedy of the Commons Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Tragedy of the Commons - Article idealThe core ideas would not be out of place in a advanced discussion because these stark issues have, if anything, grown even more pressing since the late 1960s.2. The problem of over-population particularly in the Indian sub-continent and in parts of Africa springs to mind immediately. In China there has been a period of population limitation with the imposition of the one child policy, but this is being relaxed these days as China develops industrially and adopts more western ways. Pollution and waste disposal are still of concern. There appears to be one difference, however, and that is that the modern world has started to add these different effects together and see them as part of a iodine global issue, such as global warming, and unsustainable use of resources for example. There is more of a collective reason about it, in the West at least, and this is seen in events like the global climate conferences.3. This article makes me recoil o n the sobering fact that fifty years have passed since these problems were rattling clearly articulated, and yet very little has been done to address them. It makes me pessimistic about there ever being any dangerous or successful attempt to improve the condition of the world. After reading this article I am more open to coercive tactics than before, because I see how desperate the status quo is, how little elevate is being made and how we need to do something

Tuesday, April 16, 2019

Health Care Spending Essay Example for Free

wellness C atomic number 18 outlay EssayHistorically, U.S. wellness negociate consumption has grown at rates exceeding the economys evolution rate, oft by at least 2 percentage points per year (Holahan McMorrow, 2012, 393). Recently, it seems that the rate of wellness c atomic number 18 disbursal has slowed down a little, though no reasons can be pinpointed as to wherefore this is. on that point are many factors that affect the produce of wellness make out expense, and plenty of replys provoke been proposed to help improve this issue.Factors much(prenominal) as advancements in medical engineering science and an increase in the price of prescription drugs cause health care costs to rise year after year. Solutions have been presented and implemented, like Medicare and Medicaid and managed care plans, however, even these components have added to the health care disbursal issue. With all the discussion and debate, one thing can be concur upon, some(a)thing needs to be done.In recent years both public and private payers have experienced an inclement rise health care outlay that has exceeded income growth. This growth started right after the end of foundation War II and has continue to increase every ten years, health care spending has exceeded the crude(a) domestic products (GDP) which had a projection of 26% by 2035 taken for health care spending, prior the health care reform was passed. This number is only going to continue increasing, which bring in the importance of break the spending since the landed estates long-term fiscal balance will be determined by the future rate growth in health care cost. correspond to Cher untested (2010) the primary determinant of spending growth is the development and diffusion of new medical technology. However this does non imply the establishment of new technology rather focuses on how to use it with technologies and arrangings already in use, in other words coiffe it compatible to work together. The diversity of technologies contributing to spending growth generates a diversity of pathways by which technology increases spending. These includes gritty unit cost driven capital cost or the need for specialized labor, high volume, or cost related to complementary services. Because the past rate of health care spending growth is not sustain adapted, both private and public payers will take action to lower spending.Those actions may not necessary alter the forces that historically have driven up spending, but they will be knowing to address the immediate paradox of high sending. There are many options from cost sharing from patients, reductions in payments to Medicare Advantage, fee reductions under the new payment rules implemented with Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. On the article there is a suggestion that I find interesting about Global payments, which is an leap out form of bundled payments which is a program use to pay a fixed fee for a regulate of service s related to a specific episode of care.This might be a good tooth root for the situation we are facing now, because it would give providers the opportunity to profit with disregardd revenue, and even share some of the savings form not using health care services. Yet in order for bundled payments system to be successful the need of having the proper tools to improve the efficiency of care. Many providers will be able to develop these tools, but it would require partnership between facilities, physicians, and insurers.For the system to be successful it would have to conservatively manage practice pattern changes due to new technology, adjusting aggressiveness based on the generosity of bundled payments updates. If bundled payments promote efficiencies, they may reduce the level of spending more than spending growth, and that is exactly the area we as state need to be working on.According to hot seat Obama, We do not have a spending problem we have a health care problem. This st atement was alarming to many Americans. The President feels that healthcare spending on the aging population is the number one fiscal problem. Then why is the solution taking so long? With Obamacare, Medicare will see cuts up to $716 billion. Where will this leave the Americans who turn around Medicare? How can they still receive health care with this much of a cut? Will Providers be willing to provide the same high level of care with the high cut to their expected fees? There is no way of knowing if this will even solve the health care spending problem or if it will create even larger problems for Americans.Budget cuts will be needed in other areas to make these cuts to health care spending improve the financial state of our country (Galupo, 2013). According to New Republics Jonathan Cohn, the new health care reform addresses the cost of health care rather than health care spending. He argues the proposed spending cuts will address the health care spending problem along with other budget cuts. Obamacare may not be a good solution to the current health care spending problem in America. Many suggest that the new jurisprudences affect on provider reimbursement rates will have a huge doctor on access to care for many seniors.This can greatly affect the health of our aging population. Spending cuts projected for Medicare and Medicaid will help that aspect of health care spending but with the added subsidies for people to obtain private health insurance, the savings just do not add up. When it comes to health care spending there is much controversy on what increases health care cost, what measures we can take to keep health care cost down, and what actions we can take to make health care affordable without limiting health care.According to kaiserEDU.org the chart provided below shows how costing allocates throughout the nation. Hospital care and physician services feature added up for half (51%) of the nations health expenditures. Below is a diagram from the y ear 2010 of the nations health expenditures. National Health Expenditures, 2010Totaling up = $2.3 TrillionSome major growth health care costs include a rise in chronic disease, administrative cost, or technology or prescription cost, although there may be many more expenditure that adds up to the growth in health care cost these three have been discussed to have the biggest effect on the nation. As technology continues to advance over the years to come, we may face more health care struggles, so being prepared for the unexpected leads to a healthy future.Health care spending continues to be a concern for most Americans. The nations efforts to control health care costs have not had much long-term effect, prompting a debate over what proposals are actually able to reduce for the long-term. Approaches are largely divided by debate over a stronger role for government jurisprudence or market-based models that encourage greater competition (kaiseredu.org).Plans such as Obamacare are bein g implemented, but these plans are not solving the problem. Political debates and public discussions will continue as people try to go into out what factors are responsible for this problem and what solutions are truly aimed at achieving optimal health care at affordable costs.ReferencesChernew, M. (2010). Health Care Spending Growth Can We Avoid Fiscal Armageddon?. Inquiry,47(4), 285-295. Galupo, Scott, 2013, lets Split the Difference We Have a Healthcare Spending Problem, The American Conservative, Retrieved February 14, 2013 http//www.theamericanconservative.com/lets-split-the-difference-we-have-a-healthcare-spending-problem/Holahan, J. McMorrow, S. (2012). Medicare and Medicaid spending trends and the shortfall debate. The New England Journal of Medicine, 367(5), 393- 395. Senger, Alyenne, 3013, No, Obamacare Does Not Lower Health Care Spending , The Founder, Retrieved February 16, 2013 http//blog.heritage.org/2013/02/12/no-obamacare-does-not-lower-health-carespending/The Henr y J. Kaiser Family Foundation. (n.d.). U.S. Health Care Costs. Retrieved from http//www.kaiseredu.org.

Monday, April 15, 2019

Moral Education Essay Example for Free

Moral Education EssayMoral education can be given disclose by parents at home, than by schoolmasters and professors in schools and colleges. Parents have numberless opportunities of channelize their children by precept and example, opportunities denied to the pick uper. Who generally meets his pupils in large classes, and seldom has the means of becoming intimately acquainted with their several characters and the faults, other than intellect faults, to which each of them is particularly prone. The first show of importance to notice with regard to virtuous instruction is that, in the words of the proverb, example is better than precept. This is too often forgotten by parents, especially in the plate of young children. Many parents are emphatic in incul-cating truthfulness, but, on very slight occasion value it advisable to escape the importunity or curiosity of children by deception, if not by actual falsehood. They fondly hope that the deceit will incline unnoticed bu t children are keener observers than they are generally supposed(a) to be, and very quick to detect any discrepancy between preaching and practice on the part of their elders.It is and then imperative that parents in all cases should themselves act up to the moral precepts that they inculcate upon their children. Another important point in the home training of children is careful selection of associates of their own age who will not teach them bad habits. For the same reason, especially in rich houses, great care must be interpreted that the servants do not exert an evil influence on their moral character. Bad servants teach a child to be deceitful and disobedient by secretly helping him to enjoy forbidden pleasures, which of agate line they warn him he must on no account mention to his parents. They may also repay a child rude and overbearing by servile submission to his caprices and bad temper. If we now pass from home to school life, we see that the first great disadvantage t hat the school-master labours under is that it is very difficult for him to authorize the affections of his pupils.A father can generally appeal to filial love as an inducement towards obeying the moral rules he prescribes. But a school-master appears to boys in the position of a task-master, and is too often without reason regarded by them as their natural enemy, particularly by those whom he has to punish for idleness or other faults, that is, by the very boys who stand most in need of moral instruction. Even when a school-master has got over this hostile feeling, he finds that the large amount of daily teaching expected from him leaves him little leisure to give his pupils friendly advice in the intervals between lessons. It has been proposed in India that formal lessons in morality should be given in schools and colleges. But it is to be feared that lessons so delivered from the school-masters desk or the professors chair would produce little more tack together than is obtaine d by the writing of moral sentences in copy-books.In the great public schools of England the masters have opportunities of delivering moral lessons under more favourable conditions, when they preach the weekly sermon on Sunday in the consecrated precincts of the school chapel. The Indian teacher has no such opportunity of using his eloquence in guiding the members of his school towards moral enthusiasm. Yet he can do much by the power of own(prenominal) example, and by creating in the minds of his pupils admiration for the great English writers, who in prose or verse give materialisation to the highest moral thoughts. In addition to this, all intellectual education is in proportion to its success a powerful deterrent from vice, as it enables us to see more clearly the evil effects that keep from disobedience to moral rules.

Sunday, April 14, 2019

Echoes of Heaven Essay Example for Free

Echoes of Heaven EssayThe world today seems to be going progress and further from Christian Values. Denominations ar arising against each other time after time. We no longer hear the strait-laced preaching of the gospel because preachers prepare their sessions to suit the audience and therefore a lot of truth is remaining uncovered. A Christian who performs and leads a true Christian life seems very outdated.There are rumors of wars everyplace in the world today. People seem to imprecate on technology much more than on God. I am a born again Christian, I have been a Christian since I was born but there is a huge difference in my life after I accepted Jesus Christ. I have received tangible breakthroughs and therefore when I say so much truth is left uncovered in todays churches I do it with consultation to my personal experience. Sometimes suffering comes our way because God wants to show us our weakness without Him. We must rely on Him and not on our own understanding.I ha ve observed Muslim practices closely and they are more devoted to their religion and believes than ChristiansCharles I agree that Gods Love is better than breeding Itself and would very much want to know where to get the book.

Saturday, April 13, 2019

Left In The Lurch Essay Example for Free

Left In The Lurch EssayJim manoeuvered up at work immediately and found out that Sara called in spew but Jim thought he saw Sara at the gasoline station on his way to work this morning. It was a car like hers and hes somewhat sure that it was her license plate. Jim and Sara were supposed to give a big presentation to the CEO today and Sara neer sent him her slides for the PowerPoint show. What are Jims options? Jim should call Sara to date stamp if she would answer the phone to check on her. If she answers he could then ask if she would send the power point slides by email. Or Jim could try to postpone the brush to a later time until he can get the power point slides from Sara or she could be there for the presentation. What does he actually know and what does he think he knows? Does it matter? Jim knows that Sara called in sick and they were to give a big presentation to the CEO and he also knows he doesnt grow her slides for the Power Point show. Jim thinks he saw Sar a at the gas station because he saw a car that looked like hers and he thought the license plate was her number. It doesnt matter why she called in sick or if it was her at the gas station.Jim still needs to find a solution to his problem before the presentation. How could he apply the character qualities youve learned about so far (persistence, enthusiasm, optimism, and self-control) in this office staff? Being positive in this state of affairs and having the determination to get through this presentation. Being hopeful go away help him give the performance without Sara. Jim can exhibit self-control by not acquire upset and blaming everything on Sara, when he should be focusing on the presentation. Jim exhibiting self-control, being optimistic, being persistent and passionate all plays a major role in the way he is going handle this problem.These qualities will help Jim to make new slides for his presentation and outgo the urge to be upset with Sara. His ability to show enth usiasm will help him to deliver his presentation to the CEO. What should he do? Jim should try and call Sara to see if she can email the slides. If he cant get a hold of Sara, Jim can do the slides himself and go into the meeting with confidence and enthusiasm. Jim should focus on getting through the meeting by doing the beat out that he can do in this type of situation by, showing that he can overcome and adapt to the situation he is facing.

Thursday, April 11, 2019

Information system and types Essay Example for Free

learning system and types EssayFor this paper I was asked to define an breeding system and types of information systems, brook three examples of information systems use in actual life and tell us what type of information systems they are and how are they related to the learning objectives for this staff. I have picked three examples of information systems in real life applications, they are Pandora radio ( finis support system), rupture register ( effect processing system) and Facebook (office rail counseling carmation system). Information system are vital to knowledge management, they provide a simple system to ensure the success of not only businesses, but national defense as well. * Define an information system and types of information systems An information system is the interaction between people, processes, data and technology. Information systems are also any combination of information technology and peoples activity that support operations, management and determina tion making. Lets now look at the three different types of information systems that I depart use for my real life examples.Transaction Processing carcassTPS stands for Transaction Processing System, and is the most long-familiar example. TPS is best recognized by any type of system that utilizes bank card processing. Any while a person pays for goods or services via their bank card, the accomplishment is sent to the bank. The bank in puzzle out either approves or denies this transaction. The key point to notice in this type of system is that it guarantees that either the transaction completely succeeds or completely fails. This type of system is used in many types of systems though, and not sightly limited to financial transactions. (Mills, Kevin (June 30, 2011) IT Collaborate Information Systems used in Modern Business. Retrieved January 7, 2013 from http//www.itcollaborate.com/71/information-systems-used-in-modern-business/)Decision adjudge SystemIn its most simple form, th e DSS do-nothing be found in many types of semiautomatic text completion systems. One of the most popular forms of this system is Google Suggest. Google Suggest is a type of auto complete feature that completes your search phrase based on the majority of searches it has based on what has already been entered by the user. . (Mills, Kevin (June 30, 2011) IT Collaborate Information Systems used in Modern Business. Retrieved January7, 2013 from http//www.itcollaborate.com/71/information-systems-used-in-modern-business/)Office Automation SystemOffice automation systems drop take many forms, but their primary function remains the akin throughout, and that is to facilitate information exchange between people in an organization. Some of these systems may include leger processors, spreadsheets, email clients, file sharing systems, databases, etc. The main benefit behind this type of technology is that the to a greater extent freely that information flows around an office, the more produ ctive the environment is. With the increase in production, the organization can raise its profits considerably as the efficiency of data exchange increases, allowing a decrease in the time it takes to deliver the product to the customer. (Mills, Kevin (June 30, 2011) IT Collaborate Information Systems used in Modern Business. Retrieved January 7, 2013 from http//www.itcollaborate.com/71/information-systems-used-in-modern-business/)* Provide three examples of information systems used in real life and tell us what type of information systems they are Pandora radio is a decision support system and I will explain why. The decision support system uses an auto complete feature like we learned earlier, it memorizes what you have antecedently searched or looked at. Pandora radio has a like button and a do not like button so the user can filter out what he or she likes/dislikes. The application remembers the genre and artists the user has previously liked to create the ultimate playlist. Thi s decision support system has created a more efficient way of listening to music, no more stopping and hitting the next button.The Cash register is the ultimate transaction processing system. It creates a simple bond between consumer and supplier, in turn creating a fast and in effect(p) way of purchasing goods. Like the definition above, this transaction processing system guarantees a no or go scenario that is easy to understand. This system creates a simple transaction log that is easy for operators, management and owners to insert information. Facebook is an online database that provides information to every user on a continual basis. Facebook is always updating within seconds of a user posting information and how does this coincide with the officeautomation system? The information from Facebook gives the users a unending information flow, thus increasing data that can be dispersed efficiently.* How is this related to the learning objectives of this module? The objectives of t his module where to define the key principles of knowledge management define the different types of information systems and be fit to differentiate between data, knowledge and information. When you break down the information systems that I have covered, you can call data, information and knowledge.Facebook is a database that disperses information and knowledge, a cash register stockpiles information by creating transaction tax income for future knowledge of store purchases and Pandora uses knowledge to remember what the user has previously like or dislike to create a positive environment. So with these examples, you have the three main ingredients of knowledge management. Without data, information and knowledge, we cant continue to create more efficient information systems for years to come.REFRENCESMills, Kevin (June 30, 2011) IT Collaborate Information Systems used in Modern Business. Retrieved January 7, 2013 from http//www.itcollaborate.com/71/information-systems-used-in-mode rn-business/

Wednesday, April 10, 2019

Once an Eagle Essay Example for Free

Once an Eagle Essay lead is an central characteristic in any field. Early on, it has been recognized that the success of any organization is highly dependent upon the quality of leading. compensate if the organization has a number of givinged individuals, without strong leadership, there would be no success. In a similar light, the success of the military depends on strong leadership. It has been said that in the military, leadership is a required.As an integral component in warfare, leadership determines the outcome of combat operations, without it, it can be fairly argued that no military operation would be success. As the brain, leaders are expected to have the power of command. The subordinates in the group all rely upon the leader to provide wisdom and guidance, not to mention excellent judgment. It is essential, because, that a good leader has the following characteristics such as charisma, confidence, sound judgment, wisdom and intelligence.Military history is mod ify with individuals who were born leaders. A brief glimpse into the role of monuments and military air force officers will reveal a prevalent characteristic, they were all excellent leaders. The civil war gave rise to many superior commanders such as Joshua Chamberlain and caper Logan who, despite their lack of military training, were able to lead their troops into combat and inebriate many victories. The requisite ability that these fine commanders possessed was the ability to inspire their troops by providing an excellent example.Unlike separate leaders, these fine leaders chose to lead through example. They were regarded as the epitomes of self-sacrifice and honor. None of them felt that they were too important to be left out of the battlefield and they were never hesitant to take their place in the frontlines should it be required of them. This aspect is what made them leaders. Another important aspect of leadership that is best exemplified by the actions of command Rober t E. Lee who not only won the affection of his troops but also exhibited a talent for disciplined application.While it may not be necessary to have the affection of ones troops during war, as shown by General Ulysses S. Grant, current military strategies emphasize the importance of a leader who is not only able to provide sound judgment but who is also able to inspire his troops. Charisma combined with the ability to make the best decisions in any given situation would therefore be the essence of excellent leadership. The reason for this is that in achieving ones goal it is necessary that it be accomplished through motivation, direction and purpose.These essential characteristics have been shown by many of the great Commanders during the Second orbit War including but not limited to General Douglas McArthur who liberated Australia and the Philippines from Japanese occupation. It is difficult to say which way of life works the best as it is possible that the combination of charisma and the ability to make the best decisions in any given situation may be exhibit in many different forms of leadership.Leaders may sometimes be directors, participators or even delegators. Yet, it is not so much how the practice their leadership but their ability to get results. The military operations during the first Gulf War gave rise to a new breed of military commanders who were able to obtain results despite the differences in their leadership styles. Commanders such as Norman Schwarzkopf and Collin Powell demonstrated that leadership need not necessarily be overbearing.The important thing is that the commander understands the importance of the situation and is able to use the abilities of the troops, despite the limitations, to achieve the intended results. In any case, it must(prenominal) be remembered that the leadership that these great commanders possessed was not limited to the battlefield. From the very first day that they took command, they showed their leadership an d cultivated the necessary traits that they felt was needed in their troops in order to become potent in future tasks.

Monday, April 8, 2019

Ozone layer depletion Essay Example for Free

Ozone layer depletion EssayThe change magnitude cancer levels caused by exposure to this ultraviolet light could be enormous. Recent studies estimates that 60 million Americans innate(p) by the year 2075 entrust get skin cancer because of ozone depletion. About one million of these mass ordain die. In addition to cancer, some research shows that a decreased ozone layer will addition rates of malaria and other infectious diseases. According to recent studies 17 million more cases of cataracts can alike be expected. . The environment will also be negatively affected by ozone depletion. The life cycles of plants will change, disrupting the food range of mountains. Effects on animals will also be severe, and are very difficult to foresee. Oceans will be hit hard as well. The most basic organisms such as plankton may not be able to survive. If that happened, it would mean that all of the other animals that are above plankton in the food chain would also die out. Other ecosystem s such as forests and deserts will also be harmed. The planets humour could also be affected by depletion of the ozone layer. Wind patterns could change, resulting in climatic changes throughout the world.Global thawing is the continuing rise in the average temperature of Earths atmosphere and oceans. Global warming is caused by increased concentrations of greenness house gases in the atmosphere, resulting from human activities such as deforestation and burning of fossil fuels. Some of the make of global warming and climate change on the environment include the folloing

Sunday, April 7, 2019

Critical thinking Essay Example for Free

Critical thinking EssayRENE DESCARTES (1596-1650), A FRENCH PHILOSOPHER AND MATHEMATICIAN, IS BEST cognise FOR HIS MEDITATIONS OF doctrine. THIS FORM OF school of thought IS A BODY OF WORK IN WHICH HE ATTEMPTS TO WIPE AWAY solely HIS PRESUMPTIONS, REBUILDING HIS cognition FROM THE GROUND UP, AND ACCEPTING AS TRUE ONLY THOSE CLAIMS WHICH are ABSOLUTELY CERTAIN. IT WAS ESSENTIAL THAT THE FOUNDATIONS TO HIS BELIEFS WERE SOLID IF all ONE OF THEM WERE AT altogether IN DOUBT, HE WOULD LOSE CREDIBILITY FOR HIS ENTIRE STRUCTURE OF KNOWLEDGE. THUS, DESCARTES CREATED A METHOD IN WHICH HE WOULD ELIMINATE THOSE BELIEFS WHICH HE COULD not BE ENTIRELY CERTAIN OF.HE CALLED THIS METHOD THE METHOD OF DOUBT. BY USING THE METHOD OF DOUBT, DESCARTES QUESTIONED EVERYTHING THAT HAD ANY POSSIBILITY OF UN deduction, UNTIL HE WAS ABLE TO evidence THAT IT WAS CERTAIN OR UNTIL HE BECAME CERTAIN THAT THERE WAS NO CERTAINTY (DESCARTES 1641, 1-4). HE COMPARED IT TO THAT OF A world WHO TAKES ALL THE APPLES OUT OF A BARREL ONE BY ONE, INSPECTS THEM, AND and so PUTS THE SOUND ONES BACK (WILLIAMS 1978, 59).DESCARTES BELIEVED THAT ALL KNOWLEDGE IS RELATED AND thus DECIDED HE WOULD REBUILD THE EDIFICE OF KNOWLEDGE BASED UPON THE incumbrance TRUTHS THAT REMAIN AFTER THE USAGE OF THE METHOD OFDOUBT (DESCARTES 1641, 1). IN-ORDER FOR DESCARTES TO BE ABLE TO ELIMINATE THOSE BELIEFS WHICH HE COULD non BE ENTIRELY CERTAIN OF, HE WOULD HAVE TO START FROM SCRATCH BY DISCARDING ALL THAT HE HAD PREVIOUSLY KNOWN. HE STARTED BY QUESTIONING EXISTENCE -DO I EXIST?DOES GOD EXIST? HE PROVED HIS EXISTENCE BY STATING THAT IN ORDER TO HAVE THESE DOUBTS, HE MUST EXIST. THE detail THAT HE IS ABLE TO CONTEMPLATE HIS OWN EXISTENCE IS PROOF THAT HE EXISTS. THIS IS WHERE HE BRINGS IN THE PHRASE, I THINK, THEREFORE I AM. THIS IS THE LOGICAL ARGUMENT FOR KNOWING WE EXIST (DESCARTES 1641, 4-6). HE PROVES THATProfessor Keton THERE IS A GOD BY USING THE COSMOLOGICAL ARGUMENT- SOMETHING LESSER CANNOT CAUSE SO METHING broadER. GREATER/LESSER IS REFERRING TO QUALITATIVE DIFFERENCES NOT QUANTITATIVE. FOR EXAMPLE, A MONKEY IS ON A DIFFERENT LEVEL AND IS TO BE HELD TO DIFFERENT STANDARDS THAN A soulfulness. DESCARTES SAYS, I HAVE AN radical OF A PERFECT BEING- ITS AN INFINITE BEING WHOS OMNIPRESENT, OMNIPOTENT, ALL GOOD GOD. THEN HE THINKS, SINCE I AM FINITE I CANNOT BE THE blood OF THE IDEA OF AN INFINITE BEING. HE REALIZES THAT FINITE VS. INFINITE IS A QUALITATIVE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN US AND GOD.THROUGH POINTS ONE AND TWO, HE COMES TO THE REALIZATION THAT AN INFINITE BEING HAD TO HAVE COME FROM A DIFFERENT SOURCE, AND THE ONLY INFINITE SOURCE IS A PERFECT BEING. HE THEN CONCLUDED THAT GOD MUST HAVE PUT THIS IDEA IN HIS HEAD, THEREFORE GOD MUST EXIST (DESCARTES 1641, 14-16).DESCARTES KNEW IT WOULD BE DIFFICULT AND IMPRACTICAL TO EXAMINE ALL OF ONES BELIEFS ONE BY ONE, SO HE GROUPED BELIEFS TOGETHER WHICH ALLOWED HIM TO QUESTION AND need WHOLE CLASSES OF BELIEFS AND PROVE OR DISPROVE THE M BASED ON THEIR DERIVATION OF THE SAME SOURCE, SUCH AS OURSENSES, desire, OR ABSTRACT KNOWLEDGE (REASON). DESCARTES ARGUES THAT OUR SENSES CANNOT BE TRUSTED BECAUSE SOMETIMES WE DONT PERCEIVE THINGS powerfulIT CAN BE DUE TO MIRAGES, HALLUCINATIONS, OR DREAMS (DESCARTES 1641, 1-2). legion(predicate) TIMES WE BELIEVE THINGS HAVE actually HAPPENED WHEN IN REALITY IT WAS JUST A MIND TRICK. THIS BRINGS US TO WHY WE CANT TRUST OUR IMAGINATION. OUR IMAGINATION COMES FROM OUR EXPERIENCES IN THE REAL WORLD WHICH STEMS FROM OUR SENSES, WHICH WE HAVE JUST DISCOVERED WE CANNOT TRUST. DESCARTES BELIEVED THAT A LACK OF COMPLETE CERTAINTY IS A GOOD REASON TO DOUBT.THIS WAS THE PRINCIPLE OF THE METHOD OF DOUBT, ALSO KNOWN AS RADICAL agnosticism (DESCARTES 1641, 1-2). I PERSONALLY THINK THIS METHOD IS A PLEASING APPROACH TO VALIDATING SUPPOSEDLY KNOWN FACTS THAT MAY NOT BE FACTUAL AT ALL. MANY THINGS WE BELIEVE AS FACTS ARE ACTUALLY THEORIES OR STATEMENTS HANDED DOWN TO US FROM PREVIOUS GENERA TIONS WITH NO EVIDENCE AS TO WHY THEY ARE Professor Keton FACTS. ANYTHING THAT HAS EVEN THE SMALLEST PERCENTAGE OF DOUBT SHOULD BE QUESTIONED AND INQUIRED UPON UNTIL IT IS ABLE TO BE PROVEN AS FACT. THIS creation IS VERY SIMILAR TO THE CONCEPT OF INNOCENTUNTIL PROVEN GUILTY. JUST LIKE A PERSON HAS THE STATUS OF INNOCENT UNTIL THERE IS SUFFICIENT AMOUNT OF EVIDENCE TO PROVE HIM GUILTY, SO TOO BY ANYTHING, IF ONE WOULD WANT TO CHANGE THE STATUS QUO OF SOMETHING, ONE SHOULD BE REQUIRED TO BRING SUITABLE second TO PROVE HIS THEORY. WHENEVER ONE WANTS SOMEONE TO PROVE TO THEM OTHERWISE, ONE WILL ALWAYS ASK FOR VALID reasoning AND EVIDENCE. THE REASON FOR THIS IS BECAUSE THE HUMAN MIND WAS CREATED IN WHICH WE LIKE TO QUESTION AND UNDERSTAND THE DEPTHS OF THINGS. IF WE HAVE ANY descriptor OF DOUBTS IN OUR MINDS.THAT SOMETHING IS TRUE OR WHY SOMETHING IS TRUE, WE LIKE TO ASK IN ORDER TO BRING OUR low density TO REST. FOLLOWING THIS OBSERVATION, IF ONE DOESNT HAVE A REASON TO DOUBT SOME THING, ONE AUTOMATICALLY FEELS live up to WITH THE OUTCOME BECAUSE THEY KNOW IT IS THE ABSOLUTE TRUTH, AND CANNOT BE PROVEN OTHERWISE.IN CONCLUSION, I COMMEND DESCARTES REASONING AND THE FACT THAT HE WANTED TO ESTABLISH AN UNBIASED FOUNDATION IN ORDER TO INSURE THE CERTAINTY OF THINGS. ALTHOUGH MANY OF THE THINGS DESCARTES HAD QUESTIONED WERE THINGS HE ALREADY KNEW TO BE TRUE, HE FOLLOWED HIS METHODOLOGY.IN ORDER TO BRING REASONING AND CERTAINTY TO HIS BELIEFS. DESCARTESS FOUNDATIONAL PHILOSOPHY RESTS CENTRALLY ON THE METHOD OF DOUBT, WHICH REQUIRES A FIRST-PERSON OBSERVATION OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE THINKING INDIVIDUAL AND THE meet WORLD HE OR SHE PERCEIVES. I BELIEVE THIS IS A GREAT APPROACH TO PHILOSOPHY, AND IT HAS ALSO HAD GREAT INFLUENCE UPON LATER PHILOSOPHERS, INCLUDING KANT AND HUSSERL (WILLIAMS 1978, 124).Professor Keton REFERENCES DESCARTES, RENE. 1641. MEDITATIONS ON FIRST PHILOSOPHY. TRANSLATED BY JONATHAN BENNETT. 2007. WILLIAMS, BERNARD. (1978) DESCARTES THE PROJECT OF PURE ENQUIRY. NEW YORK PENGUIN.

Saturday, April 6, 2019

Better Teaching Through Provocation Essay Example for Free

Better Teaching Through Provocation EssayThe require for an effective pedagogy differentiates the teacher from the researcher. Within the humanities and social sciences, we are constantly confronted with the challenge of communicating complex material in a novel and effective manner. Active teaming is bolstered by an approach that emphasizes germinal problem solving, and critical thinking. And active learning often begins with a question.Despite those proficiencys, philosophical inquiry apprise sometimes lead to esoteric, pedantic, or even banal approaches to teaching that leave the neophyte intellectually upset or detached from the learning process. As a discipline, philosophy itself is intrinsically incitive. In the spirit of Nietzsches infamously agitative style, the use of stimulating techniques in teaching introductory college courses can be immensely beneficial.Goals of Provocation The goals of rabble-rousing teaching are grounded in a conceptual framework of critic al thinking as swell up as in an understanding and appreciation of the many psychological processes that crook mental life. The teachers strategy should be designed to provoke or pique students to think that is, to analyze the grounds of their beliefs, which can be flat applied to their personal lives. Stirring questions and statements should challenge (and respectfully critique) the method and precept by which students arrive at conclusions and reexamine the grounds for their beliefs and attitudes. Guiding PrinciplesGuiding principles in formulating provocative teaching techniques as follows 1. Orient the technique toward the entire class, not just one student. 2. Allow an appropriate pause time for class response.3. answer to all students responses. 4. Validate and confirm student attempts to respond or offer an explanation. 5. Use the discussion to effect into a formal presentation of the material or to augment existing didactic strategies. Classroom Examples incitive techn iques feature with systematic questioning may be applied arbitrarily to any topic. Through provocative systematic questioning, the student realizes that this type of reasoning is an informal fallacy based on an appeal to ascendancy that became conditioned and serves as the grounds for his belief. It is better to focus questions toward the entire class, in a case standardized this, by focusing on one student, others join in to offer competing arguments or supportive rationale that are further examined by the class as a whole. That generally leads to an inclusive process sort of than an exclusive centering on one student. Parenting and Corporal PunishmentStudents believed that corporal punishment was immoral. Most students believed it was morally acceptable, and some even made a case that it was immoral not to physically discipline children when they establish transgressions, because physical punishment teaches them morals. Provocative exercises may provide a personal utility f or self-discoery that departs from the traditional procedures of pedantic pedagogy. Risk of ProvocationWhen we examine controversial issues in class, we should be respectful of individual and cultural differences that may influence certain beliefs and practices, while we still maintain intellectual integrity. It should be a tacit self-confidence for students that acts of discomfort are designed to bring rational and aroused constructs under the rubric of knowledge. No provocation should be executed merely for shock value. Because some students may feel intimidated by philosophical questions, the professor should try to be sensitive to the students cognitive acumen as well as their emotional development. Sometimes, students who are overly emotional, rigid, or vulnerable to a particular topic simply need to be reminded that the discussion at hand is only an object of intellectual investigation and certainly not a personal attack.ConclusionWe must find a method that suits our persona lities and didactic styles. Instead of traditional lecturing, the combined use of provocative questions and statements that force the class to respond to a particular issue may read more impact and personal meaning than fort-formal approaches. Furthermore, the use of probing and systematic questioning gears students toward an introspective compend of their personal beliefs, not only grounded in reason, but also linked to emotional and psychological motives that influence their perception of cause and effect. One will notice progress in their critical thinking skills over the length of the course. Rather than professing an impetuous position based upon unreflective conditioning, students offer more material argumentation with developed rationale for their beliefs and attitudes.

College Computerized Billing System Essay Example for Free

College Computerized Billing System EssayWith the power of technology nowadays, people get kindle with computers. They tried to indulge themselves on it to hold in a productive result in a more efficient and time saving process. It is highly valued in institutions like business enterprises, schools, hospitals, political science and non government services. However, some of them are smooth using manual of arms system. In this regard, we acknowledge the value of computerized system. As of nows generation, there are already many college schools existing.One of which is IJMS College Department that serves tutorial type. It is located at Malvar, Santiago City and is owned by Dr. Imelda B. Brilliantes. IJMS started the operation of their college department on June 2004. Since the said industry is new, they still dont have computerized system for reservation and billing which is very useful for business purposes. For dissertation project, the researchers would like to propose a reservation and billing system to D Budgetel to help the management and have a synchronize flow in their transactions system. 1. 2 Statement of the ProblemHotel clients choose chief(prenominal) considerations in choosing a place to stay like location, price/value and service. These are very important because these are the primary basis of a customer to be attracted in that business. Since the researchers found out that manual procedure are still used in processing their billing and reservation transactions, it greatly affects their customers need. This study aims to look for the following problems 1. The School billing statement doesnt provide special(prenominal) or detailed information regarding on students payment or charges.

Friday, April 5, 2019

Study Of Ben Jonson The Alchemist English Literature Essay

Study Of Ben Jonson The Alchemist English literature EssayThe assume starts in a mansion in London which is in absence of its master, Lovewit, who has at rest(p) to Kent to be safe from the Plague. The theatre deemer, Jeremy, coifing out as a captain Face, with the aid of two of his friends, shrewd, a charlatan, performing as an alchemist and labour similarly in the role of a lady period in substantiality a prostitute has turned the house into a domain of their c at onceit. The tripartite change their identities and play and act out roles in order to make benefit and earn money by deceiving somewhat foolish clients who believe penetrating is a doctor in power of the art of chemistry and so able to transmute metal into g grey. As a result humorous and entertaining consequences start happening, while at the same beat Jonson mocks many social classes of 17th century London such as the Puritans whose greed of money is even more than excessive or nobilities standardised Ka stril, and his widowed sister who came to the house in search of a husband and, on the other hand, Lovewit the master of the house who marries this woman because of her money.As soon as the play starts the audience understands the topsy-turvy situation. The master of the house, the supposedly real practitioner of power, is absent, and give c atomic number 18 a typical Renaissance and Jacobean drama with the absence of power, chaos has turned up. The chaos is shown done the altering and altering of identities mostly practiced by Face, crafty, and task who argon in pretention the hierarchical boundaries atomic number 18 broken down and servants atomic number 18 in the place of masters, masters in the place of clients, and we have project Common for a great lady (IV.i.90) Therefore since identities are understood through appearance, realities are subverted and identities are performed and indeed through performed identities deception, con, and fraud has turned up. But the re ader may ask what the significance of performed identities is? In other linguistic communication why individuals try to act out their subjectivity?According to Lacans theories people act out their identities and pretend to be the persons who the other characters desire them to be. That is to say in Lacans study of the faithfulness of the infant, in the mirror stage the child grasps herself in the mirror as an independent subject who is divided and stray from the Other whom up to now for her was her mother. She understands that she is separated from her mother and from the macrocosm so this separation hints her or so her lacks. She realizes that in order to construct his subjectivity she is in need of the Other or the others to define her and as a result she pure tones the desire to define herself according to the Others desires. Thus, she would not be a complete subject, if she does not inhabit anything about the desire of the Other.In The Alchemist, as Ann Barton discusses i n her book Ben Jonson, Dramatist, people of all classes and temperaments make their steering to Subtles consulting rooms because they think that somehow he can make their lives better, because they have become dissatisfied with what they are (Barton 138). Contrary to Shakespearean characters, Jonsons characters themselves yearn to be changed since they are not content with the paltry dimensions of their habitual lives and selves (ibid 138). To swan in Lacanian terms they are totally lead by their own desires. It is their desire-which here is pictured by Jonson as ugly, material desire and greed for money and gold-that not only guides them towards Subtle but also creates Subtle. In fact as Lacan discusses about the role of desire in the realm of language and subjection we are born into language-the language through which the desires of others are articulated and through which we are forced to articulate our own desire (Homer 44). According to Lacan we want to be objects of the Ot hers desires and our identities are cause by the Others desires just as the alchemists personal identity is created out of the other nave characters desires. As long as there are dupes like Dapper, Mammon, Drugger, Tribulation, and Ananias with their illusory hunger of turning metal into gold, inevitably individuals like Subtle are created as well.not only the three cheaters are in lack of the fools to be identified, but also the fools are in need of the frauds as was mentioned earlier they themselves are ready and eager to be deceived since they are against the rationalities of reality and are in search of the dreams of their unconsciousness and this desire is fulfilled only through false identities of a non-existent alchemist, a fake captain and a Queen of Faery. As a result since their aspirations are restricted by the in truth limitations of intellect and social position from which they want to escape. This is why they need Face and Subtle, masters of likeness who can libera te and objectify their inchoate smell outings of restriction and discontent. (Barton 138). Their greed of gold can be designate as their desire that revealed their lack and therefore their need towards Subtle and his colleagues in order to be delimit as a winner of gambles (Dapper), as a savior (Mammon), and as devoted Puritans (Tribulation, and Ananias).In this chaotic world that is pictured in the house the people yearn for an ideal status brought by chemistry in fact chemical science can be considered as the real desire, as the lack that individuals feel in order to identify themselves and as the Other whom individuals yearn to be. Alchemy is the art that brings order and star and simultaneously the complete pleasures and contentment of what Lacan terms as the Real Stage in which persons were born into and in which they were united with the mother, and a perfect happy, unified world was experienced by the infant. But the point hard put by Lacan is that human beings can nev er return to this ideal stage so that it is an illusory cause for subjects and is created only by peoples desires and can only happen in peoples dreams.The desire for such a world is shown through idealistic ambitions of Epicure Mammon, who wants to change the world into a utopia by turning everything into gold. With the power of alchemy he wants to enrich his friends, free England from the plague, restore the aged to youth, and cure all diseases, comming of all causes (Barton 140). Besides, by turning any metal into pure gold he is set to remove any separation and specialism among objects i.e. no lead and silver and all metals to be changed to the highest and noblest of metals. What he is yearning to accomplish is out of the ability of human being an idealistic condition which Lacan calls the Real Stage, and which can never be achieved, just as the world Mammon describes is out of reach and just as turning metal into gold is.MAMMON. He that has once the flower of the sun,The pe rfect ruby, which we call elixir,Not only can do that, but by its faithfulnessCan confer honour, love, respect, long life,Give safety, valour yea, and victory,To whom he will. In eight-and-twenty days,Ill make an old man, of fourscore, a child. (II.i.38)Apart from appearance, Subtle uses the Others language. It is not hard to find out that in this play changed identities are followed by changed language. speech communication is a device, an instrument that shapes identities. The person in power is Subtle, the alchemist, and it is his ability in words that equips him with power. He manages in what way to handle the situation and in what way to fool the clients according to their avaricious ambitions. It is the power of his words that makes his clients to believe that he really is an alchemist. Although Face is the one who provides them the place to perform, when it comes to the domains of language he is not that much powerful as Subtle is. To give an example, in the first scene du ring their quarrel, Subtle burst out saying that it was he who taught Face the art of languageSUBTLE . have I taen thee out of dung,So poor, so wretched, when no living thingWould keep thee company, but a spider, or worse?Raised thee from brooms, and dust, and watring pots?Sublimed thee, and exalted thee, and fixed theeIthe third region, called our state of grace?Wrought thee to spirit, to quintessence, with strainWould twice have won me the philosophers work?Put thee in words, and fashion? Made thee fitFor more than ordinary fellowships?Given thee thy oaths, thy quarrelling dimensions?Thy rules, to cheat at horse-race, cockpit, cards,Dice, or whatever gallant tincture else?Made thee a second, in mine own great art?(I. i. 17)In fact it is in language that Subtle is created as a different subject, i.e. an alchemist. This reflects in one way or another Lacans theory that Language is not so much to be seen as our means of expression but as the strong suit through which and in which o ur very identity is structured. Language creates us as it creates the world near us. This is not to suggest that things do not exist, but rather that it is only through language that corporeality becomes meaningful (Halstead 197). To put it in other words, identities are created in language, and through language individuals are shaped just as Subtle, creates the identity of an alchemist by talking like an alchemist. On the other hand, Jeremy and Dol skeletal frame up a Captain and a Lady through the shift of language. For instance a shift of language is vivid in Dols speech, the first extract is taken from Act I in which Dol is quarrelling with her two colleaguesDOL. And you, sir, with your menstrue, gather it up.Sdeath, you abominable p blood of stinkards,Leave off your barking, and grow one again,Or, by the discharge that shines, Ill cut your throats.Ill not b e made a prey unto the placeFor neer a snarling dog-bolt oyou both. (I.i.19)And this quotation is uttered when she is playing her role as a lady in face up of MammonDOL. Sir, althoughWe may be said to want the gilt and trappings,The dress of honour yet we strive to keepThe seeds, and the materials. (IV.i.91)Another example that can be look at as the role of language in construction of identity is Surlys transformation into a Spaniard first of all let us begin with the fact that he is the only character who does not believe in Subtles words and his promise of alchemy from the very beginning. He rudely questions and devalues the promises of the supposed alchemist Faith, I have a humour, I would not willingly be gulled. Your stone Cannot transmute me (II.i.39). Just as Barton saysSurly is a man impatient with pretence, someone who declines to be taken in. A rationalist from the start, he believes neither in Mammons grandiose visions nor in the promises of Subtle. He identifies Dol Common quite accurately as a whore, at first sight, although Mammon tries to persuade him that he really knows her lady ships noble brother, and has the whole, dignified family history lodged somewhere in the back of his mind. As Subtle and Mammon fill the air with brightly coloured alchemical terms, Surlys observations are caustic. He cannot resist trying to expose the charlatans for what they are (Barton 146).In scene three of Act IV, it is Surly who appears in a fake disguise, like a Spaniard, and this time Subtle and Face are totally deceived since Surlys language has completely changed to Spanish. Another language brings another identity Subtle and Face do not doubt him and later when they understand that they have been fooled they get shocked. Surleys intimacy of the Spanish language enables him to discover about Subtle and Faces charlatanism. Taking him as a Spanish man, Subtle and Face speak in English in front of him revealing their true identity and their real intentions, while Surly is listening to them. They do not understand what Surly is saying in Spanish and their lack of understandin g in this language disarms them and their power is taken away and so their plan is revealed.SURLY. Entiendo.SUBTLE. Do you intend it? So do we, dear Don.Have you brought pistolets? or portagues?My solemn Don? Dost thou feel any?F bingle, he feels his pockets) Full.SUBTLE. You shall be emptied, Don pumped, and drawnDry, as they say.FACE . Milked, in troth, sweet Don.SUBTLE. adopt all the monsters the great lion of all, Don.SURLY. Con licencia, sepuede ver a esta senora?SUBTLE. What talks he now?F ACE . Othe senora. (IV.iii.101)The two rascals make fun of the Spanish man whom they regard is out of the realm of language and thus unable to recognize their words, which ironically is vice versa.To sum up, the notion of language is highlighted in this play in its comical way to show that language is not separated from peoples subjectivity and that as Lacan mentions individuals are constructed in spite of appearance language. So that language gives power and it is the power of language th at helps Subtle and his colleagues to abuse other characters. Since the play is about the power of alchemy and turning base metal into gold, metaphorically we can assume that the real alchemy is that of the language that makes identities out of bodies, that the elixir of language can be more powerful than that of the Philosophers Stone.

Thursday, April 4, 2019

A Definition of Corporate Social Responsibility

A Definition of integrated fond certificate of indebtednessno(prenominal)adays, the association of the words fond and province has become increasingly frequent. But in avocation military personnel, there is another variant of these terms that prevail and it is the term merged hearty state (CSR). concord to Archie Carroll (2008 p.19)though the roots of the concepts that we know today as CSR catch been a long and wide-ranging history, it is much often than not a product of the twentieth centimeury, especially from the early 1950s up to the present time.Despite the item that the concept of CSR has been present for such a long time, researchers still do not sh ar a common rendering or set(p) of core principles (Andre Crane et al. 2008 p.4). This also brought about other questions on the interpretation of terms as being sociablely responsible and also is a unbendable exposed of being responsible towards society.According to Wood (1991, cited in Moir, 1991, p.2), the b asic idea of corporate mixer righteousness is that blood and society be interwoven rather than distinct entities. Businesses are often conductd to stool profit maximization for sole object glass and ignore its responsibilities towards society. Milton Friedman (1970) said that the notwithstanding one responsibility of business towards society is the maximization of salary to the shareholders within the legal framework and the ethical custom of the country. However conc reads of CSR send packing also be found, Dave Packard (Co-founder of Hewlett Packard Company in 1939, cited in Harvard Business Review, 2002, p.54) claims that the assumption that people reconstruct of companies altogether making money is wrong. He also adds thata group of people lodge together and last as an institution that is called a throne so that they are able to accomplish something collectively that they could not accomplish separately and simultaneously they make a contri exception to society (Dave Packard, 1939).Votaw (cited in Garigga and Mele, 2004, p.51) wrote that corporate complaisant responsibility means something, but not always the same thing to e trulybody. The diverging opinions brook be categorized in two of import gets of view one is that CSR is yet another means to maximise profit and the other is that CSR is here to help companies help society as a whole.CSR has been described in a occur of sundry(a)(a) ways. Below are given antithetical definitions of CSR bodied Social Responsibility is a commitment to improve community well-being through discretionary business practices and corporate resources. (Philip Kotler and Nancy Lee, Corporate Social Responsibility, Wiley, 2007)The accessible responsibility of business encompasses the scotch, legal, ethical, and discretionary expectations that society has of fundamental laws at a given identify in time. (Archie B. Carroll, 1979)Shell We all need to assess the bushel our business makes on society and curb that we balance the economic, environmental and brotherly perspectives of everything we do (Moody-Stuart, 1999).The diagram beneath gives a visual description of what name CSR cum www6.miami.edu/ethics/pdf_files/csr_guide.pdfAccording to Lance Moir (2001),the area be by advocates of CSR increasingly covers a wide range of issues such as plant closures, employee likenesss, human rights, corporate ethics, community relations and the environment.Aspects of CSRDrivers of CSRDrivers, in this context, call to the reasons john the choice of a firm to adopt a to a greater extent socially acceptable behaviour. These reasons suffer be classified as being internal and external to the firm.Internal driversInternal drivers are the pressures that turn out from the internal environment of the firm. Examples of components that smoke exist the internal environment of a firm are, employees, suppliers, competitors, top management, and so forth Flatter organisations have considerably changed the approach towards how business was once done. Nowadays, employees put pressure on how the organization conducts business using certain social values (M.G.V. Dongen, 2006 p.9). They are more attracted by the non-material aspects of the organisation that employs them. Besides, employees pursuance a more socially responsible firm, managers now have the task to reconcile the profit-making need of the connection with the responsibility towards society. But as Haigh and Jones (2006) mentioned, for business managers, business is first. ODwyer (2003, cited in Haigh and Jones, 2006, p.2) said that social considerations come heartbeat and providing only that such considerations would not open an exploitable weakness. Haigh (2006) adds that the paradigm that managers face simply prevents overall improvements consistent with social welfare. The capacity to integrate CSR policies in the core activities of the firm can also act as a driver. According to Porter and van der Linde (2 000, cited in Haigh and Jones, 2006, p.2), CSR is competitive driver that requires appropriate resources. Integrating CSR in a companys activities can be a tedious process. The diagram at a lower place shows how CSR can be incorporated at different takes of the company.Source MVO Platform, (2002, illustrated in M.G.V. Dongen, 2006 p.10), Different intensities of CSRCSR can also be undertaken in a set of separate activities geared towards improving social welfare. This can take the form of sponsoring of sports activities or engaging in charitable activities.Another view to consider internal drivers to CSR is to consider them to be national drivers. The table below gives a number of different national CSR drivers and a brief description of each of them.Source Visser, W. (2008) CSR Drivers The Forces plastic Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility, CSR Inspiration Series, No. 3.External driversExternal drives refer to the external pressures that compel a firm to engage in CSR. T he external environment of a firm can let in merchandise structure, nodes, government, economic situations, competitors, etc. Businesses no chronic evolve in a static environment, threats are no longer limited to local competitors and the market is now a global one. Similarly, adopting the culture of foreign firms has become a mustiness and CSR is one of the important concerns of all firms in this century. Castells (2000, as cited in M.G.V. Dongen, 2006 p.7) says that globalization increases the splendor of social networks of a company on a worldwide floor. Moreover, consumers are more concerned by the accompaniment that whether the firm, to which they are loyal, is contributing to societys welfare. As Castells (2000, as cited in M.G.V. Dongen, 2006 p.7) mentions, a lot of information is obtained more rapidly by consumers and it is easier to keep in touch with the various activities undertaken by any firm. The government also contributes in making company conscious of thei r duties towards society. According to the European Union and MVO Platform (2002, as cited in M.G.V. Dongen, 2006 p.7), Governments are now engaging in the role of stimulating companies to be social responsible, not pressuring them.In M.G.V. Dongens 2006 base In search of the link in the midst of corporate social responsibility and legitimacy she enumerated a number of external factors that encouraged firm to adopt the concept of CSR. A few of these points areTransparency. A very important aspect for a company to be socially responsible is transparency. This can be include in the profit-factor but is more and more considered as a prerequisite for a company to be socially responsible. Due to new information sources, e.g. the internet, and the shift in the control mechanisms for organizations from purely governmental to include the organizations stakeholders, this revolution has an enormous impact on the visibility of an organizations business practices.(M.G.V. Dongen, 2006 p.8)Time . A shift can be recognized from purely focusing on short-term profits towards more long-term objectives, which is necessary beca recitation societal and environmental issues are mostly long-term issues. Therefore this shift in time-thinking is natural for CSR to be successful. (M.G.V. Dongen, 2006 p.8) here(predicate) also, external factors are often associated with international drivers. The table below describes some of themSource Visser, W. (2008) CSR Drivers The Forces Shaping Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility, CSR Inspiration Series, No. 3.In golf-club to link both national and international drivers the diagram below visually establishes a link between both of them.Source Visser, W. (2008) CSR Drivers The Forces Shaping Corporate Sustainability and Responsibility, CSR Inspiration Series, No. 3.3.2 Theories of CSR some(prenominal) authors have tried to grasp an unblemished idea of what is CSR by devising lays in order to get out understand the various factors inv olved and their impact. peerless of the first approaches to tackle CSR by means of a model was made in 1971 by the Committee for Economic Development (CED). It made use of deuce-ace concentric circles. The definition of the three circles was given in the Social Responsibilities of Business Corporation (1971) as followsThe familiar circle includes, the clear-cut basic responsibilities for the efficient execution of the economic function products, jobs and economic growthThe mediocre circle encompasses responsibility to exercise this economic function with a precise awareness of changing social values and priorities for standard with respect to environmental conservation, hiring and relations with employees, and more rigorous expectation of customers for information, fair interposition and protection from injuryThe outer circle outlines newly emerging and still amorphous responsibilities that business should assume to become more broadly involved in actively improving the social environmentafter this opening others were developed, but throughout time only a few of them prevailed. The first theory that must be considered is the pyramid of CSR developed by Carroll.The pyramid of corporate social responsibilityAccording to Carroll, the quaternsome main components or categories that constitute the CSR pyramid are Economic Responsibilities, Legal Responsibilities, Ethical Responsibilities and Philanthropic or Discretionary Responsibilities. The two tables below give a description of these four terms.Source Archie B. Carroll (1991), The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility Toward the Moral Management of Organizational Stakeholders, Business HorizonsSource Archie B. Carroll (1991), The Pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility Toward the Moral Management of Organizational Stakeholders, Business HorizonsThe theory of the pyramid relies on the fact the various components are stacked on each other, the economic responsibility being the base and the philant hropic responsibility being at the top. The logic behind the pyramid relies in the fact that firms are expected to aim for profit maximization but it must also cater for the other responsibilities in the pyramid, which is survey with the law, comply with rules of society and finally act as a good corporate citizen.The diagram below is a representation of Archie B. Carroll pyramid of Corporate Social Responsibility.The Stakeholder theoryMoir (2001) refers to the stakeholder theory as being employ utilize as a basis to analyse those groups to whom the firm should be responsible. For Carroll (1991, cited as cited in M.G.V. Dongen, 2006 p.13), stakeholder concept personifies the social actors that organizations should consider with their CSR orientation. Stakeholders generally refer to the actors who are directly or sometimes indirectly pushed by the actions of a company. Freedman defines a stakeholder as any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of th e organizations objectives (Freeman, 198446). Stakeholders can be classified in two main categories primary and auxiliary stakeholders. Clarkson (1995 106, cited in L. Moir, 2001, p.8) gives the description of a primary stakeholder asone without whose continuing interlocking the corporation cannot survive as a going concern with the primary group including shareholders and investors, employees, customers and suppliers, together with what is delineate as the public stakeholder group the governments and communities that provide infrastructures and markets, whose laws and regulations must be obeyed, and to whom taxes and obligations may be due (Clarkson, 1995, p.106).Moir (2001, p.8) defines the secondary groups are defined asThose who influence or affect, or are influenced or affected by the corporation, but they are not engaged in transactions with the corporation and are not essential for its survivalSource Monique G. van Dongen (2006), In search of the link between corporate so cial responsibility and legitimacyThe stakeholder theory focuses on a practical approach that explains an organizations need to address the various responsibilities (Dongen 2006, p. 13). The stakeholder theory relies on determining the most important stakeholder for the company and its responsibilities towards that stakeholder.In order to determine how the choice should be made, Carroll (1991) established two main criteria which are power and legitimacy. Following Carrolls logic, in 1997, Michel et al develop a more detailed approach which includes a new dimension named urgency. The model develop was the the stakeholder salience modelPower the ability of those who possess power, to bring about the outcome that they desire (Mitchell et al., 1997).Legitimacy the assumption that the actions of an entity are desirable, proper, or appropriate within some socially constructed systems of norms, values, beliefs, and definitions (Suchman, 1995).Urgency exists when two conditions are met 1) w hen it is time-sensitive, and 2) when it is important or critical to the stakeholder (Mitchell et al., 1997).The salience model helps to divide stakeholders in different groups and each of these groups is classified on the basis of having one or more the supra characteristics. Mitchell (1997) defined the salience model as the degree to which managers gave importance to stakeholders claims. From this point of view, groups such as latent and expectant stakeholders were created and these groups were further subdivided on the basis of the number of characteristics they possessed. Moir state that firms would pay most attention to those legitimate stakeholder groups who have power and urgency (Moir, 2001, p.9). Following this logic, an example could be the reputation of a company will have a great importance when it interacts directly with the public. In relation with CSR, Patten (1992 as cited in L Moir, 2006 p.9) gave the following example concerning the possible fluctuations in the le vel of urgency environmental groups and issues became more urgent to oil firms following the Exxon Valdez oil spill. To sum up, stakeholder theory can help companies to point out stakeholders that can be sensible to CSR issues and generate a profit in these circumstances.3.2.1 Mapping of CSR theoriesIn addition to the above models, numerous other theories have been developed, but none of them gave an accurate framework which exactly defined what CSR was. Each and every writer who tried to build up a CSR theory ended up giving a personal opinion, hence creating confusion. Carroll (1994, p.14) described the situation asAn eclectic field with loose boundaries, multiple memberships, and differing training/perspectives broadly rather than foc apply, multidisciplinary wide breadth brings in a wider range of literature and interdisciplinary.In addition to the above mentioned theories, Frederick (1987, 1998) tried to classify CSR in four main categories namely CSR1, CSR2, CSR3 and CSR4. Oth er attempts to define theories can take the form of the concept of corporate citizenship by Altman (1998), Issues Management by Wartick and Rude (1986) and Wood (1991) and Brummer (1991) classification of four CSR theories found on six criteria. In order to harmonize all these different models Elisabet Garriga and Domenec Mele (2004) grouped all the actual theories under four main headings namely instrumental, political, integrative and ethical theories.Theories were placed in a group on the basis of their similitude, for example instrumental theories grouped models that were based on the assumption that organization are here only to make profits. The table below gives a brief summary of each group and the different theories composing them.Source Elisabet Garriga and Domenec Mele (2004), Corporate Social Responsibility Theories Mapping the Territory, p.62-633.3 Advantages and Disadvantages of engaging in CSRCSR is often view as a companys intention to do good for society, but there can also be times when behind the socially responsible mask the intentions are not the ones expected. In can be quite conflicting but although CSR is assumed to be good, it can have drawbacks. Advantages and disadvantages arising from CSR are as diverse as the welkin in which the practices are applied, for analysis purposes standard or most common pros and cons will be considered. prototypal pros or advantages of CSR will be considered.According to Bhattacharya et al. (2008), the first advantage of CSR is that in helps in the enlisting and pick process and more specifically within the competitive graduate student market. Kytle et al. (2005) continue by adding that CSR helps in risk management. Building a genuine culture of doing the right thing within a corporation can offset the risks of losing reputation because of any scandal or environmental accident (Kytle et al, 2005, p.10). Another clear atributed to CSR is brand differenciation. Paluszek (2005) says that CSR can play a role in building customer loyalty based on distinctive ethical values. CSR can help in building customer loyalty by helping them feel that the company with which they are involved care for them.It must also be added that CSR has a significant impact on customers as well. According to Berger et al. (1995, cited in Maignan and Ferrell, 2004) consumers show more fervent support to companies committed to cause-related marketing, practices that help the environment, or business ethics. Furthermore, the studies conducted by Lichtenstein et al., (2004) proved that CSR helped to develop an emotional attachment with the company and hence it helped in boosting the percentage of sales. Sen et al., (2006) continued by saying that those conscious of actual corporate social activities had more authoritative responses to, and stronger identification with, the organisation, increased demand for trade and investment intent and demand to get a job with this type of organisation than those unaware o f any initiative. In addition to the above advantages, others were create in the Investment News (2007) and they are listed belowProactive enforcement of stricter quality and environmental controls reduces the risk of contradict events (e.g. recalling defective products or fines for excessive polluting).Commitment to CSR increases the ability to attract and retain employees. Benefits include reduced turnover, recruitment and training cost.CSR practices enable corporations to be compliant on ethical issues and attract investors who enforce ethical filtersOne of the main disadvantages of CSR arises from the misuse of the initial concept behind it. Businesses are here to maximise profits and CSR is in direct conflict with this goal. As Malloy (2003) described corporations exist to provide products and/or services that produce profits for their shareholders. Another disadvantage attributed to CSR, is too use it as a marketing tool to promote the companys image. CSR can help companies to be more profitable. This can be proved by the action taken by British petroleum after the discovery of the global warming phenomenon and the promise to have a world beyond petroleum. Here also the investment News 2007 came with a list of arguments against CSR uptake on CSR dilutes the property available for shareholders.Corporate Management is not equipped to address social or environmental problems.Expenditure on CSR imposes additional costs which consequently reduce competitivenessExpenditure on CSR can only be made during periods of high profitability4.0 client ecstasyAccording to marketing literature, higher customer merriment improves financial performance by increasing the loyalty of existing customers, reducing price elasticities, great(p) marketing costs through positive word-of-mouth advertising, reducing transaction costs, and enhancing firm reputation (e.g., Anderson, Fornell, and Lehmann (1994), Fornell (1992), and Reichheld and Sasser (1990)). Many believe that c ustomer gaiety is the key to a business success. The advantages to the fact of obtaining comfort from customers are various but before considering all of them in details, a definition of the term must be given. node satisfactions definition varies in accordance to the domain in which it is used. For instance it will have a different meaning whether it is used in marketing literature or in other sectors. A definition of customer satisfaction from a service management point of view is that customer satisfaction refers to how the cognition of the customer affects the value received in a transaction or relationship where value can be defined as the perceived service quality compared to price and customer incurred acquisition costs (cited in Blanchard and Galloway, 1994 Heskett et al., 1990) in comparison to the expected value to be generated from transactions or relationships with competitors (Zeithaml et al., 1990). From the marketing point of view customer satisfaction will be d efined as a vital break of the strategy of an organization (Fornell et al. 2006) and a key driver of increased profits on the long-run and boosting market value (Gruca and Rego 2005).Link between CSR and customer satisfactionA number of studies link customers directly to CSR initiatives. In order to undertake a proper analysis, at least three major dimensions can be considered. The first being Scotts (1987 cited in Luo and Bhattacharya, 2006 p.3) institutional theory and the second stakeholder theory (Maignan, Ferrell, and Ferrell 2005) suggest that a companys actions supplication to the multidimensionality of the consumer as not only an economic being but also a member of a family, community, and country (Handelman and Arnold 1999). Basing themselves on these three approaches Daub and Ergenzinger (2005) developed the term generalized customer. It can be defined as people who are not only customers who care about the consumption experience but also actual or potential members of various stakeholder groups that companies need to consider (Daub and Ergenzinger, 2005 Luo and Bhattacharya, 2006, p.3). Generalized customers derive more satisfaction from the transaction which involves a firm which is socially responsible.The second dimension rely on the aspect that establishing the link between the two components is the fact that being highly active in the CSR domain creates a favorable context that positively boosts consumers evaluations of and it gives a favorable image of the firm (Brown and Dacin 1997 Grhan- Canli and Batra 2004 Sen and Bhattacharya 2001). Handleman and Arnold (1999) noted that consumers used the concept of positive word to mouth about firms that were committed to actions that were associated with institutional norms (1999, cited in Maignan and Ferrell, 2004). Studies by Berger and Kanetkar (1995), Barone et al. (2000) and Creyer and Ross (1997) resulted in the fact that consumers are willing to actively support companies committed to cause-r elated marketing, environmentally-friendly practices, or ethics (cited in Maignan and Ferrell, 2004). CSR initiatives constitute a key element of corporate identity that can induce customers to identify with the company. Indeed, Lichtenstein, Drumwright, and Bridgette (2004, p. 17) note that a way that CSR initiatives create benefits for companies appears to be by increasing consumers identification with the corporation and support for the company. Not surprisingly, place customers are more likely to be satisfied with a firms offerings (e.g., Bhattacharya, Rao, and Glynn 1995 Bhattacharya and Sen 2003).The third dimension examines the antecedents of customer satisfaction (Luo and Bhattacharya, 2006, p.3). One example of a key antecedent can be perceived value and that has been through empirical observation shown to promote customer satisfaction (Fornell et al. 1996 Mithas, Krishnan, and Fornell 2005b Luo and Bhattacharya, 2006). In the actual case, all else being equal, customers likely derive better perceived value and, consequently, higher satisfaction from a product that is made by a socially responsible company (Luo and Bhattacharya, 2006, p.4).Another antecedents that is known to impact on customer satisfaction is the knowledge of the customer himself. Jayachandran et al (2005) added that improving customer knowledge represents another antecedent that has been found to enhance customer satisfaction.Although the three dimensions above establish a link between CSR and customer Satisfaction it does not indicate whether it is a positive or a negative one. Mac Donald and Rundle-Thiele (2008) pointed out that researchers have studied the impact of CSR on a number of factors, including word of mouth, attitudes, intentions, emotional attachment, shopping in-store, loyalty and brand identification, a limited number of studies have taken into consideration the relationship between satisfaction and CSR (Mac Donald and Rundle-Thiele, 2008, p.174). The only study th at directly linked CSR to customer satisfaction was that carried out by Luo and Bhattacharya (2006). They studied Fortune 500 companies, to find that a direct relation between CSR and customer satisfaction existed. Their study identified that satisfaction as a link which create a relationship between CSR and firm market value (Mac Donald and Rundle-Thiele, 2008, p.174). The diagram below depicts the relationship between customer satisfaction, market share and CSR as studied by Luo and Bhattacharya.Source Xueming Luo C.B. Bhattacharya, 2006, Corporate Social Responsibility, Customer Satisfaction, and Market ValueDespite the direct linking, researchers found cases where CSR was found to have a negative impact on customer satisfaction. Bhattacharya and Luo (2006, cited in Mac Donald and Rundle-Thiele, 2008, p.174) found that, firms which tend to lag in the innovative process, CSR really reduced the level of customer satisfaction and, through a reduced amount of satisfaction it adver sely affected the market value. In some cases, it may be found that it is more appropriate to use customer orientated initiatives to increase satisfaction than CSR initiatives. CSR initiatives in this case could lead to wastage of precious resources which could have been used in a better way.CSR initiatives against Customer-oriented initiativesPomering and Dolnicar (2006, cited in Mac Donald and Rundle-Thiele, 2008, p.174) studied that a banks CSR initiatives indicated that customers tend to be more responsive to customer-oriented initiatives, rather than those that had a social orientation. In this study, eight CSR initiatives were proposed such as dedicating one per cent of profit to community programs and launching an indigenous scholarship program. The success of these initiatives did not match the level of satisfaction obtained from customer-oriented initiatives. Pomering and Dolnicar (2006) concluded that consumers consideration for personal well-being may outweigh their cons ideration of broader social impacts.4.2.1 CSR initiatives and Customer satisfactionIn 2004, Bhattacharya and Sen (2004, cited in Mac Donald and Rundle-Thiele, 2008, p.175) proposed six dimensions to CSR. They are listed below, as published by KLD Researchemployee miscellaneaSupporting employeesproduct impact on the environmentoverseas operationsSupporting society4.2.2 Customer oriented initiatives and customer satisfactionOn the other hand, customer-oriented initiatives for the banking sector were also classified. Chakrabarty (2006) observed that customer oriented actions for the banking sector was not the same as for other sectors. Chakrabartys (2006, cited in Mac Donald and Rundle-Thiele, 2008, p.175) research resulted into four factors that obstinate the total level of customer satisfaction amongst a sample of more than 12,000 UK retail banking customers. They are listed in order of importance as followsin-branch satisfactioneconomic satisfactionremote satisfactionATM satisfact ionLater in 2007, Manrai and Manrai (2007, in Mac Donald and Rundle-Thiele, 2008, p.175) came up with another set of four factors. In order of importance, they areProblems attributed to the personnelConcerns of a financial aspectConcerns about the in-branch environmentConvenience-related considerations